Mabhatiri eMota Lithium Anogadzirwa Pasi Pose

car lithium battery

Mota lithium bhatiri kugadzira kunoitika mumakondinendi akawanda, iine hunyanzvi hwekugadzira maseru, mamodule, uye yakazara bhatiri mapaketi emotokari dzemagetsi. China inotonga ingangoita 75% yepasi rose mota lithium bhatiri yekugadzira, inoteverwa neSouth Korea, Japan, uye nekukurumidza kuwedzera mashandiro muEurope neNorth America. Nzvimbo huru dzekugadzira dzinosanganisira Asia (China, South Korea, Japan), Europe (Germany, Poland, Hungary), uye North America (United States, Canada), ine zvivakwa zviri kusimukira muSoutheast Asia neMorocco. Indasitiri yakagadzira 894.4 gigawatt-maawa muna 2024, ichitsigira kutengesa kwemotokari dzemagetsi dzinopfuura mamiriyoni gumi nemanomwe pasi rose.

Iyo yepasi rose mota yelithium bhatiri indasitiri inoshanda kuburikidza netiweki yezvivakwa zvekugadzira zvine hunyanzvi mumatunhu ane zvikamu zvemotokari zvakasimba uye rutsigiro rwehurumende. China inochengetedza chikamu chikuru nemakambani akaita seCATL neBYD anodzora kugadzirwa kwakasanganiswa kweanosvika makumi mashanu neshanu muzana emusika wepasi rose. Vagadziri ava vanoshandisa zvivakwa zvakakura mumaguta akaita seNingde, Shanghai, uye Chongqing, uko macheni akabatanidzwa anobvumira kukurumidza kukwira.

South Korea neJapan dzinopa chikamu che28% chebhatiri repasi rose kuburikidza nemakambani anosanganisira LG Energy Solution, SK On, Samsung SDI, uye Panasonic. Vagadziri vekuKorea vakanyanya kuita zvehukasha mukutanga zvivakwa zvemhiri kwemakungwa, zvine maawa angada kusvika 400 gigawatt-awa ekugadzirwa kwepasi rose zvichienzaniswa ne30 GWh yekuChina ne60 GWh yekuJapan kunze kwenyika.

Europe yabuda senzvimbo yechitatu yekugadzira zvinhu zvikuru, Germany ichitungamira pachiyero che262 GWh panosvika 2030. Tesla's Gigafactory Berlin, CATL's Thuringia chirimwa, uye kudyidzana kwakasiyana-siyana nevagadziri vekuKorea kuri kushandura kondinendi kubva kune inopinza bhatiri kuva mugadziri akakosha. Poland inobata LG's Wrocław nzvimbo, parizvino iri fekitori hombe yebhatiri muEurope pa70 GWh inoshanda simba ine zvirongwa zvekuwedzera kusvika 115 GWh. Hungary iri kusimukira kuita hubhu yakaoma ine zvivakwa kubva kuCATL (iri kuvakwa), SK On, uye Samsung, ichipa inotarisirwa 210 GWh pakupera kwemakore gumi.

Kugadzirwa kweNorth America kuri kuwedzera kukurumidza kunokurudzirwa neInflation Reduction Act's incentives. United States yakawedzera kubva pa44 GWh muna 2021 kusvika painotarisirwa 91 GWh pakasvika 2025, paine zvirimwa gumi nenhatu zvakarongwa mumakore mashanu. Zvivakwa zvikuru zvinosanganisira Tesla's Nevada Gigafactory (yakabatana nePanasonic), Ford's Michigan complex (ichishandisa CATL tekinoroji), uye mubatanidzwa weGM neLG Energy Solution muKentucky neTennessee.

CATL (Contemporary Amperex Technology Co. Limited) inoshandisa zvirimwa gumi nematatu zvekugadzira mabhatiri pasi rose uye yakachengetedza nzvimbo yayo semutengesi mukuru muna 2024 ne 339.3 GWh yakaiswa mumotokari dzemagetsi. Kambani iyi inopa dzinenge dzese dzinogadzira mota dzinosanganisira Tesla, Volkswagen, BMW, Mercedes-Benz, neFord. Nzira yekugadzira yeCATL inosimbisa kubatanidzwa kwakatwasuka, nekudyara kunobva pakutora lithium muQinghai Province kusvika pakugadzirwa kwezvinhu zvecathode uye kusangana kwesero rekupedzisira. Kuwedzera kwekambani pasi rose kunosanganisira zvivakwa zvemuGermany (kubvira 2023), pasi-mafekitari ekuvaka muHungary (anotarisirwa 2025), uye mabhizimusi akabatana muSpain neIndonesia anokosha $5 bhiriyoni imwe neimwe.

BYD iri pechipiri ne153.8 GWh muna 2024, ichikura ne38.5% gore{{3}mu-gore. Kusiyana neCATL, BYD inonyanya kupa yayo kugadzira mota asi yave kuwedzera kune vatengi vekunze kubva 2021, kuchengetedza zvibvumirano neToyota, FAW Group, uye BAIC. Iyo kambani Blade Battery tekinoroji, yakavakirwa pa lithium iron phosphate chemistry, inowana 50% iri nani nzvimbo yekushandisa pane yakajairwa mabhatiri eLFP uku ichichengetedza yakawedzera kuchengetedza maitiro.

LG Energy Solution inopa 121.4 GWh pasi rose, ichishandira Tesla, Hyundai, General Motors, Ford, uye Volkswagen. Mugadziri wekuSouth Korea anoshandisa chirimwa chikuru chebhatiri repasi rose muWrocław, Poland, uye anochengetedza mabhiriyoni mazana maviri negumi nenomwe emadhora ekurongedzera kumashure achiwedzera makore mune ramangwana. Kuwedzeredzwa kwazvino kunosanganisira zvivakwa muMichigan (ane GM) uye dzimwe nzvimbo dzeNorth America kushandira musika uri kukura weUS.

Panasonic inochengetedza kubatanidzwa kwakadzama nekushanda kwaTesla, kunyanya kune cylindrical cell mafomati. Kudyidzana kuNevada's Gigafactory kunogadzira ese 2170 maseru eModel 3/Y uye matsva 4680 maseru eTesla Semi marori. Zvisinei ne18% yegore-pamusoro-pagore yadzikira kusvika pa35 GWh muna 2024, Panasonic inotarisira kuwanazve mugove wemusika kuburikidza nekuwedzera 4680 kugadzira, izvo zvinopa kuwanda kwesimba repamusoro uye kuderedzwa kwemitengo yekugadzira.

Iyo bhatiri yekugadzira maitiro inoda yakaoma, yenzvimbo yakagovaniswa cheni iyo inotanga nekutorwa kwezvinhu zvakasvibiswa uye inofambira mberi kuburikidza nematanho ekunatsa akawanda. China inodzora ingangoita 90% yecathode inoshanda kugadzirwa kwezvinhu uye 97% yeanode zvinhu kugadzira pasi rose. Korea inoverengera 9% yecathode cathode, neJapan pa3%, zvichiita kuti nyika nhatu idzi dzisadzorereke mumaketani ekupa epasirese aripo.

Akasiyana bhatiri chemistries anoda akasiyana ekupa cheni. China inobata ingangoita zana muzana yelithium iron phosphate (LFP) yekugadzira kugona uye inopfuura 75% yenickel manganese cobalt oxide (NMC) kugona. Humambo uhu hunosvika kuzvinhu zvinotangira mberi, uko michina yekuChina inogadzira lithium carbonate, cobalt sulfate, uye nickel sulfate kuita bhatiri{4}}kemikari yegiredhi. Iko kusungirirwa kunogadzira zvese zvakanaka zvakanakira uye kusavimbika kweketani iyo hurumende dzekuMadokero dziri kushingaira kugadzirisa kuburikidza nematanho akasiyana.

Indonezhiya yakabuda senzvimbo yakaoma mucheni yekugovera nickel, ine hafu yepasi rose yakacherwa nickel reserves. Nyika yekutanga EV yekugadzira bhatiri chirimwa chakatanga kushanda muna 2024, neCATL's 5 bhiriyoni yekudyara mari inotyaira kugadzirwa kwenzvimbo ye graphite anodes uye cathode zvinhu. Moroko inopa mukana wakafanana neakakura epasi rose phosphate reserves, yakakosha kumabhatiri eLFP, akasanganiswa neyakagadzirwa kugadzira mota uye zvibvumirano zvekutengeserana zvemahara neEU neUnited States. Anopfuura mabhiriyoni gumi nemashanu emadhora mukudyara kwebhatiri akaziviswa ipapo muna 2022.

Australia ndiyo inonyanya kugadzirwa kwelithium, ichipa inosvika hafu yelithium yepasi rose sespodumene concentrate kubva-kumigodhi yematombo akaomarara. Mugodhi weGreenbushes wega, unoshandiswa neTalison Lithium, wakagadzira 798,000 matani e spodumene concentrate mugore rezvemari ra2024-2025. Zviitiko zveChile zvinotora lithium kubva mumadhipoziti ebrine, nekugadzirwa kunosvika 49,000 metric tons muna 2024. Nyika inobata matani angangoita 9 miriyoni munzvimbo dzakachengetwa, iyo yakakura kwazvo pasi rose, kunyangwe mitengo yekuchera inoramba iri pasi pekugona kugona.

car lithium battery

Indasitiri iyi yakaona shanduko yakakosha yakanangana ne lithium iron phosphate chemistry, iyo yave kuita inodarika makumi mana muzana epasi rose EV bhatiri huwandu, inodarika kaviri mugove wayo we2020. Shanduko iyi yakanyanya kuChina, uko zvikamu zviviri-zvitatu zvekutengesa EV muna 2023 zvakashandisa mabhatiri eLFP. Chakanyanya kukosha chechemistry chiri mumutengo-Kugadzirwa kweLFP kunodhura zvishoma ne20% pane dzimwe nzira dzeNMC uku ichipa kugadzikana kwepamusoro uye hupenyu hurefu hwekutenderera. Mari yekugadzira yadzikira kusvika pa$55-60 pakilowatt-awa kubva munaGunyana 2024.

Kutorwa kwaTesla kunoratidza kugamuchirwa kuri kukura kwemakemikari kupfuura China. Iyo kambani yakashandisa mabhatiri eLFP mu30% yekugadzirwa kwayo muna 2022, kubva pa20% muna 2021, iine inenge hafu yemotokari dzayo dzepasi rose dzava kushandisa tekinoroji iyi. Kunenge kushandiswa kwese kweTesla's LFP kunoitika muShanghai-motokari dzakagadzirwa, kunyange hazvo kambani iri kutanga kugadzira LFP muNevada ichishandisa michina kubva kuCATL kutevedzera zvinodiwa neInflation Reduction Act.

Mabhatiri eNMC anoramba akatonga mumisika yeEurope neNorth America kunyangwe mitengo yakakwira, inotungamirwa nepamusoro pesimba remagetsi zvinodiwa pamotokari hombe uye kureba. Iyo chemistry inoda nickel, cobalt, uye manganese mune akasiyana reshiyo, neazvino maitiro anofarira yepamusoro nickel yemukati (NMC 811) kudzikisa kutsamira kwecobalt uye kunatsiridza kuwanda kwesimba. Kugadzira kuomarara kunowedzera nepamusoro nickel yemukati, asi simba density kuvandudzwa kwe10-15% inoruramisa yekuwedzera maitiro ekutonga anodiwa.

Tekinoroji yeSodium-ion inomirira imwe nzira iri kusimukira, ine maplants anoda kusvika makumi matatu ari kushanda kana kuti ari kuvakwa pasi rose, zvikuru muChina, anodarika zana GWh. CATL's sodium-mabhatiri eion anodhura ingangoita 30% pasi peLFP akaenzana asi anopa simba rakaderera (75-160 Wh/kg maringe ne120-260 Wh/kg ye lithium-ion). Izvi zvinoisa sodium{13} ion pamotokari dzemudhorobha dzekupinda nepamusoro-soro uye nzvimbo yekuchengetera yakamira panzvimbo pemaEV ekutanga anoda huwandu hwakawanda. BYD yakazivisa iyo Seagull modhi ichishandisa sodium-ion mabhatiri ane 300 km kureba pamadhora zviuru zana nemakumi matanhatu, zvichiratidza kugona kwekutengesa kwehunyanzvi.

Kugadzirwa kwemabhatiri pasi rose kwakasvika maawa matatu eterawatt-muna 2024, nemapurojekiti akaziviswa anogona kupeta nhamba iyi nekatatu muna 2029 kana akazadzika. Nekudaro, kugadzirwa chaiko kunononoka kwakaiswa simba nekuda kwekusiyana kwekuda uye matambudziko ekugadzira ekuita. Mukaha uripo pakati pezita rezita uye kuburitsa chaiko unogadzira misika yakaoma dynamics uko kuwandisa uye kushomeka kunogona kugarisana mumatunhu akasiyana uye chemistry marudzi.

Mitengo yemabhatiri yakadzikira pasi pe$100 pakilowatt-awa muna 2024, ichidarika pachinhanho chakakosha apo mota dzemagetsi dzinokwanisa kuenzana nemutengo weinjini dzinobatidza mukati pasina rubatsiro. Mitengo muChina yakadonha ingangoita makumi matatu muzana muna 2024, ichisvika pamazinga makumi matatu muzana pasi peEurope uye 20% pasi peNorth America. Uku kusaenzana kwemitengo yedunhu kunoratidza mutsauko mumitengo yevashandi, mitengo yemagetsi, kubatanidza cheni, uye chiyero chekugadzira.

Kudzikira kwacho kwakatevera mitengo yelithium ichidzika nepamusoro pe85% kubva pakakwirira ya2022, asi mitengo inoramba iine 50% pamusoro peavhareji ya2015-2020. Cobalt, graphite, uye manganese mitengo yakawira pasi peavhareji yemakore mashanu kusvika pakupera kwa2023, zvichibatsira zvakananga kuderedzwa kwemutengo we14% yebhatiri pakati pe2022 ne2023. Kunyange zvazvo mitengo yakaderera ichikurumidza kutorwa kweEV, ivo vanosvinawo miganho yemakambani emigodhi nevagadziri vebhatiri, vachimanikidza indasitiri yekubatanidza.

Kugadzira kushandiswa kwemitengo kunosiyana zvakanyanya nedunhu uye chemistry. Vagadziri veChinese mabhatiri eLFP vanoshanda padyo ne85% simba rekushandisa, vachitsigirwa nekudiwa kwakasimba kwepamba uye misika yekunze. Zvivakwa zveEuropean neAmerica zveNMC mabhatiri anowanzo mhanya pa50-70% kushandiswa sezvo misika yeEV yemuno inotadza kuzadzisa fungidziro yekuwedzera kwehasha. Kusiyana uku kwaita kuti vamwe vagadziri vanonoke kana kudzima hurongwa hwekuwedzera huwandu, kunyanya muEurope uko kutengeswa kwe2024 EV kwakawedzera pakati pekudzikiswa kwerubatsiro muGermany neFrance.

Kupa marezinesi-kuborder tekinoroji uye kudyidzana zvave muitiro sezvo vagadziri vemotokari vachitsvaga kuchengetedzwa kwebhatiri apo vanogadzira vachitsvaga kuwana musika. Ford's $3.5 bhiriyoni yeMichigan bhatiri chirimwa chinoenzanisira modhi iyi, ichishandisa tekinoroji yeCATL pasi perezinesi uku ichichengeta muridzi wakazara kuti aenderane neUS zvemukati zvemukati zvinodiwa. Urongwa uhwu hunobvumira Ford kugadzira maseru eLFP pasina kubatanidzwa kwekambani yekuChina, kugadzirisa matambudziko ezvematongerwo enyika uku vachiwana ruzivo rwekugadzira{4}}sei.

Maitiro aTesla anosanganisirwa mu-budiriro yemba nekudyidzana kwevanopa rubatsiro. Iyo kambani inogadzira bhatiri mapaketi uye inowedzera kugadzira yayo cylindrical maseru (4680 fomati), ichitsvaga prismatic LFP maseru kubva kuCATL neBYD, uye cylindrical NMC maseru kubva kuPanasonic uye LG. Aya akawanda-magadzirirwo ezviwanikwa anopa chemistry kuchinjika, geographic diversification, uye kukwikwidzana kwemitengo kunowedzera. Tesla's Nevada nzvimbo yekuwedzera inosanganisira gumi GWh LFP mutsara wekugadzira uchishandisa isina basa CATL midziyo, ichiratidza kuti tekinoroji kufambiswa kunoitika sei kuburikidza nekutengesa kwemidziyo kwete kunanga kugadzira kudyidzana.

Vagadziri vekuEurope vari kuwedzera kuita mubatanidzwa nevagadziri vebhatiri vekuAsia kuti vakurumidze kugadzira mudzimba. The Automotive Cells Company (ACC), mubatanidzwa pakati peStellantis, Mercedes{{1}Benz, neTotalEnergies, ine chinangwa chekuvaka bhatiri muFrance, Germany, neItaly. Northvolt, yakavambwa nevaimbova vatariri veTesla, yakawana mari inopfuura mabhiriyoni gumi nemashanu emadhora ekuvaka 150 GWh yekugona panosvika 2030 vachishandisa nzira dzekugadzira dzakasimba nezvinhu zvakadzokororwa. Iyo kambani inomiririra yeEurope inonyanya kushuvira yakazvimiririra bhatiri bhizinesi, kunyangwe ichikwikwidza neyakagadzika vagadziri vekuAsia vane makumi emakore eruzivo uye akasimba mabhatiri masheti.

Vagadziri vekuKorea vanoshanda zvakasiyana, vachitanga-zvivakwa zvemhiri kwemakungwa zvakazara kwete kudyidzana. LG Energy Solution's Poland chirimwa uye SK On's investimendi mhiri kweUnited States inochengetedza yakazara Korea varidzi vachishandira misika yedunhu. Iri zano rinopa kutonga kukuru pamusoro pezvivakwa zvehungwaru uye maitiro ekugadzira asi zvinoda kuzvipira kukuru kwemari uye inobvuma njodzi dzepamusoro dzekushanda.

Gwaro remaindasitiri rave musimboti wesarudzo dzenzvimbo yekugadzira mabhatiri sezvo hurumende dzichiziva kukosha kwehunyanzvi hwekukwikwidza kwemotokari uye kuchengetedza simba. The United States Inflation Reduction Act inopa anosvika zviuru mazana manomwe emadhora emutero wemutero wevatengi weEVs inosangana nezvinodiwa mudzimba, ichiraira kuti zvikamu makumi mashanu muzana zvemabhatiri zvigadzirwe kuNorth America uye kusasanganisa zvinhu kubva ku "vekunze vane hanya" (kunyanya makambani ekuChina). Izvi zvisungo zvakakonzera kudarika mabhiriyoni makumi manomwe emadhora mukuziviswa kwemabhatiri eUS kubva 2022.

Maonero eEurope anosimbisa kuvaka cheni dzakabatanidzwa dzekugovera matunhu kuburikidza neEuropean Battery Alliance, yakananga 500 GWh yehuwandu hwekugadzira gore negore panosvika 2030. Urongwa uhwu hunosanganisira € 6.1 bhiriyoni murubatsiro rwehurumende mumapurojekiti akawanda, Germany, France, neItaly inotungamira mabhindauko. Nekudaro, vagadziri vekuEurope vakatarisana nekushomeka kwemutengo weanosvika makumi maviri muzana kupesana nevakwikwidzi veChinese kunyangwe vasati vafunga mutsauko wezvigadzirwa uye zvinhu. Iyo EU's Carbon Border Adjustment Mechanism, yakaitwa muna 2023, inowedzera kuomarara nekuda kuti mabhatiri aenderane nezviyero zvinoburitswa, zvingangokanganisa kutengwa kunze kwemarasha{7}}anorema magetsi.

Kutonga kwebhatiri reChina kunobva pahurongwa hwemaindasitiri hwakarongeka hunotora makumi maviri emakore. Rubatsiro rwehurumende, zvikwereti zvinosarudzika, uye masimba anoda kuti vagadziri vemotokari vekunze vashandise mabhatiri eChinese kutengesa mudzimba zvakagadzira musika mukuru wepamba waibvumira vagadziri kuwana hupfumi husingaenzaniswi. CATL yega yakawana rubatsiro rwakawanda rwemakambani ekuChina kupfuura chero imwe kambani kubva 2023 zvichienda mberi, ichipa mari yekukurumidza R&D kutenderera uye nehutsinye kuwedzera kwenyika. Kubva munaGunyana 2024, rutsigiro rwehurumende urwu runoenderera mberi kunyangwe indasitiri yakawandisa.

Geopolitical kusawirirana kunowedzera kuumba sarudzo dzekugadzira. Dhipatimendi reDziviriro reUS rakawedzera CATL kune runyorwa rwayo rwe "makambani emauto eChinese" muna Ndira 2025, ichirambidza zvibvumirano zvekudzivirira nemasangano anoshandisa zvigadzirwa zveCATL. Magweta eUS akakurudzira kuwedzera CATL kuti itore mazita ekurambidza pasi peUyghur Forced Labor Prevention Act, kunyange hazvo kambani iyi ichiramba zvese zvinopomerwa zvekumanikidzwa kushanda mumaketani ayo ekutenga. Zviito izvi, zvakasanganiswa nezvikumbiro zvekutonga kwaTrump zvemitero ingangosvika 150%, zvinosundidzira vagadziri veChinese kuti vamise zvivakwa zvekugadzira mukati memisika inotarwa kwete kutumira kunze mabhatiri apera.

car lithium battery

Kugadzira bhatiri sero kunosanganisira akati wandei ematanho chaiwo anoda nharaunda dzakanyatsodzorwa uye ruzivo rwevaridzi nzira inotora makore kukura. Maitiro acho anotanga nekusanganisa maelectrode zvinhu mumaslurries, achiaputira pasimbi foils (copper yeanodes, aluminium yecathodes), uye kudzvanya kuti iwane iko ukobvu uye density. Aya maelectrode anobva achekwa, akaturikidzwa kana kukuvadzwa nevanopatsanura, vopinzwa mumakesi emasero, akazadzwa neelectrolyte, anonamwa, uye oiswa pasi pemagadzirirwo anotangisa kuita kwekutanga kwemagetsi.

CATL's cell-to{1}}pack (CTP) nzira inobvisa iyo yechinyakare module layer, ichiisa maseru mumabhatiri pack. Iyi nzira inowedzera kushandiswa kwevhoriyamu ne15-20%, inopeta kaviri kugona kwekugadzira nekudzikisa matanho egungano, uye inocheka chikamu chechikamu ne40%. Kuwanda kwesimba kunosvetuka kubva pa140-150 Wh/kg kusvika pa200 Wh/kg pamwero wepakiti, zvichiturikira zvakananga kumhando yemotokari yakawedzera kana kuderedzwa saizi yebhatiri yekushanda kwakaenzana. Iyo kambani CTP 3.0 "Qilin" bhatiri inonzi inowana 13% yepamusoro huwandu kupfuura masero eTesla 4680.

Tesla's 4680 cell fomati inomiririra nzira yekuvandudza yakasiyana, inowedzera cylindrical cell diameter kubva pa21mm kusvika 46mm uye kureba kusvika 80mm. Mafomati makuru anodzikisa mutengo wekugadzira pakilowatt-awa nekuita kuti kubatanidza (masero mashoma anodiwa papakiti) uye kunatsiridza kupera kwekupisa. Iyo tafura ye electrode dhizaini inocheka yemukati kuramba, ichigonesa kukurumidza kuchaja uye yakakwira simba kubuda. Tesla anoti 5x kuvandudzwa kwesimba, 6x kuwedzera kwesimba, uye 16% siyana kuvandudzwa maringe nemasero 2170, kunyangwe kuwana izvi zvakatemwa pamavhoriyamu ekugadzira kwakaratidza kunetsa.

Dry electrode coating, iri kugadzirwa naTesla nevamwe, inopedza simba-yakanyanya kunyungudutsa danho rekuomesa mukugadzirwa kwechinyakare. Ikozvino kunyorova kunoda kuisa maelectrode slurries ane zvinonyungudutsa (kazhinji N-Methyl-2-pyrrolidone), zvozobudisa zvinonyungudutsa izvozvo mumaovheni makuru zvichipedza simba guru nenzvimbo yefekitari. Dry coating inoshandisa zvinhu zvehupfu zvakananga, zvinogona kuderedza mari yekushandisa ne10-20% uye kushandiswa kwesimba kusvika ku30%. Nekudaro, kuwana inofananidzwa emhando ye electrode uye kumhanya kwekugadzira kunoramba kwakaoma, kudzikamisa kutengesa kwekutengesa.

Kudzora kwemhando kunopa matambudziko ari kuwedzera sezvo vagadziri vanokwira nekukurumidza. Kunyangwe misiyano midiki mukukobvu kwe electrode, kugovera chidimbu, kana kuzadza electrolyte kunogona kugadzira maseru ane akasiyana maitiro ekuita mukati mebatch imwechete. Sezvo mabhatiri mapeji aine mazana emaseru anofanirwa kushanda zvakafanana pazviuru zvemachaji, vagadziri vanoisa maprotocol akadzama ekuyedza anosanganisira X-ray yekuongorora, kuongorora kushanda kwemagetsi, uye kuwedzera, AI{3}}inogonesa kuona kukanganisa. Vagadziri veKorea vanonyanya kusimbisa kunaka pamusoro pekukura kwesimba, vachizvimisa sevanopa premium kunyangwe mutengo wakakwira.