Lithium ion mabhatiri haanyatso "kugadzira" simba nenzira iyo vanhu vazhinji vanofunga nezvazvo. Chavanoita kuchengeta simba remagetsi kuburikidza neanodzoreredzwa electrochemical reactions, wobva wariburitsa kana rekunze redunhu richida ikozvino. Kuvhiringidzika pamusoro peizvi kunouya zvakanyanya mumisangano yekugadzira, kunyanya kana mumwe munhu ari kuyedza kuyera bhatiri pack kekutanga.
Zvinhu zviviri zvinoitika panguva yekuzvitakura. Kutanga, lithium ions inofamba kubva kune electrode yakaipa (anode) kuburikidza ne electrolyte uye separator kusvika kune electrode yakanaka (cathode). Chechipiri, maerekitironi anoyerera kuburikidza nekunze kwedunhu kubva kune anode kuenda kune cathode, achiita basa rinobatsira. Panguva yekuchaja, unodzosera kumashure maitiro nekuisa magetsi ekunze anomanikidza ayoni nemaerekitironi kuti afambe achienda kune rimwe divi.
Iwo magetsi anogadzirwa nesero anoenderana zvachose nemagetsi emagetsi aunonhonga uye nezvaanoita emagetsi emagetsi. Sero nyowani rakagara pasherufu risina mutoro richaratidza rakavhurika{{1}circit voltage{2}}kazhinji richiita 3.6 kusvika 3.7V kumakemistri mazhinji elithium ion, nyangwe nhamba iyi ichifamba zvichienderana nenzvimbo yekuchajisa uye tembiricha. Paunenge uchinge wabatanidza mutoro uye wotanga kudhirowa ikozvino, iyo voltage inodonha nekuda kwekupikiswa kwemukati. Kudonha kwarinoita kunokuudza zvakawanda nezvehutano hwesero.
Cell Chemistry Basics
Ese maseru e-lithium ion anogovera imwecheteyo yekutanga kushanda musimboti, asi chemistries inosiyana zvakanyanya. Iyo cathode zvinhu zvinonyanya kuona maitiro esero{1}}huwandu hwesimba, kugona kwesimba, hupenyu hwekutenderera, kugadzikana kwemafuta, uye mutengo.
Layered oxide cathodes ndiyo yaive yekutanga makemikari makemikari. Sony yakavaunza kumashure muna 1991 neLiCoO₂ (lithium cobalt oxide), iyo ichiri kushandiswa mumagetsi evatengi uko kusimba kwesimba kunonyanya kukosha kupfuura mutengo kana miganho yekuchengetedza. Aya maseru anotakura angangoita 150-200 Wh/kg pasero. Cobalt inodhura zvakadaro, uye chemistry inowana isina kugadzikana pamusoro pe150 degree. Isu takaona kutiza kwekushisa kunotanga patembiricha yakadzika kusvika 130 madhigirii mumasero akashungurudzwa.
Kutyaira kwekuchengetedza zvirinani uye mutengo wakaderera kwakaita kuti pave neLiMn₂O₄ (lithium manganese oxide) pakati pe-1990s. Manganese itsvina yakachipa uye iyo spinel chimiro chakagadzikana zvakanyanya. Masero aya haaitize kusvika wapfuura 250℃kazhinji. The tradeoff? Kuwanda kwesimba kunodonha kusvika pa100-120 Wh/kg, uye manganese inonyungudika muelectrolyte nekufamba kwenguva, kunyanya patembiricha yakakwira. Hupenyu hwemabhasikoro hunotambura-iwe uri kutarisa pamwe mazana matatu-700 mitsetse isati yadonha pazasi 80%.
LiFePO₄ (lithium iron phosphate) yakaratidza kutenderera 2001 uye yakachinja nhaurirano yekuchengetedza. Chimiro chemuorivhi idombo{2}}rakasimba pakupisa; kupisa kwekupisa hakuitike kusvika pamusoro pe270 degree, uye kunyangwe ipapo haina mhirizhonga. Hupenyu hwema cycle hwakamira zvakanaka-2,000+ ma cycles kusvika pa 80% huwandu hwakajairwa, uye mamwe maseru akaedzwa macycle 5,000 apfuura. Iyo yakaderera ndeye voltage: chete 3.2V zita, uye simba density inogumira ku90-120 Wh/kg. Zvakare, iyo phosphate patent mamiriro aive akashata kwemakore.
NMC (lithium nickel manganese cobalt oxide) uye NCA (lithium nickel cobalt aluminium oxide) yakabuda se "yakaenzana" chemistries. Nekusanganisa nickel, manganese, necobalt muzvikamu zvakasiyana-zvakajairika iNMC 111, 532, 622, ne811 apo nhamba dzinotaridza simbi ine hukama-unokwanisa kuridza maitikiro acho. Yepamusoro nickel yemukati inosundidzira kuwanda kwesimba kuenda ku200-250 Wh/kg asi nemubhadharo wekugadzikana kwemafuta uye hupenyu hwekutenderera. Masero eNMC 811 anogona kurova 250 Wh/kg asi anoda kungwarira manejimendi ekupisa.
Padivi reanode, graphite yanga iri chiyero kubva pazuva rekutanga. Theoretical kugona ndeye 372 mAh/g, uye masero ekutengesa anowanzo kuwana 340-360 mAh/g. Iyo lithium inopindirana pakati pegraphene layers panguva yekuchaja, ichiwedzera iyo graphite vhoriyamu neinosvika 10%. Iyi mechanical stress inobatsira kuti simba ripere pamusoro pekuchovha bhasikoro.
Silicon anodes yanga iri "chinhu chikuru chinotevera" kweanenge makore gumi nemashanu ikozvino. Silicon's theoretical capacity ndeye 4,200 mAh/g-inodarika kagumi kagumi graphite. Dambudziko nderekuti, silicon inowedzera ne300% kana yabata lithium. Izvi zvinotyora anode mushure memashure mashoma. Maitiro azvino anoshandisa silicon-graphite inosanganiswa nesilicon content kazhinji iri pasi pe10% kuchengetedza kuwedzera kuchigoneka. Zvakadaro, kutanga-kurasikirwa kwesimba kusingadzoreki kunoita 15-25% musilicon-ine anode maringe ne5-10% yegraphite chaiyo.
Kuvaka Sero uye Mafomati
Masero eCylindrical angangodaro anofananidzwa nevanhu vazhinji pavanofunga "bhatiri." Iyo 18650 fomati (18mm dhayamita, 65mm kureba) yakave yakajairika mushure mekunge vagadziri vemalaptop vakamira pairi mukutanga kwe2000s. Tesla ane mukurumbira akashandisa zviuru zvavo muRoadster yekutanga. Yakajairika 18650 huwandu inomhanya 2,000-3,500 mAh zvichienderana nekemesitiri uye kuti iwe unogonesa simba kana simba.
Iyo nyowani 21700 fomati (21mm × 70mm) iyo Tesla nePanasonic yakabatana yakagadziridzwa inopa anenge makumi mashanu muzana simba pasero-4,000-5,000 mAh yakajairika ikozvino. Iyo yakakura dhayamita inowedzera chiyero chezvinhu zvinoshanda kune zvisingashande zvikamu (zvino vaunganidzi, vanogona, kuchengetedza zvishandiso), kuvandudza simba remagetsi padanho repakeji. Mitsetse yekugadzira yaifanira kugadzirwazve, icho chiri chikamu chechikonzero nei kugamuchirwa kwakatora nguva.
Maseru ePrismatic akabva kuindasitiri yemotokari chishuwo chekushandisa zvirinani nzvimbo. Panzvimbo yekuzadza bhokisi nemasilinda uye nekusiya iyo nzvimbo isina chinhu, iwe unogadzira maseru ane rectangular anonamira zvakanaka. Masero emotokari-giredhi eprismatic anotangira pa20Ah kusvika pamusoro pe100Ah. Dziri nyore kudziya-kudzora kubva pakurongedza sezvo uchigona kuisa marata ekutonhodza zvakananga kumativi akati sandara. Chinoipa ndechekuti une mazai ako ose mumabhasikiti mashoma-kana sero rimwe reprismatic hombe rikatadza, unorasikirwa nekugona kudarika kana sero diki rimwechete rikatadza kushanda.
Masero ehomwe anotora iyo nzvimbo yekubudirira pfungwa mberi nekubvisa simbi inogona zvachose. Sero rakavharirwa muhomwe yealuminium inochinjika-laminate. Izvi zvinochengetedza 10-15% huremu maringe negaba reprismatic, uye mafomati acho anochinjika zvakanyanya-unokwanisa kuagadzira chero saizi kana maumbirwo anodiwa neapplication. Vagadziri veEV vanovada nekuti unogona kurongedza zvakananga mumapureti ekutonhodza. Hutera hwemakinika: ivo vanoda kudzvanywa kwekunze kudzivirira electrode delamination panguva yekuchovha bhasikoro, uye vari panjodzi yekukuvadzwa kwepuncture.
Separator Technology
Iyo yekuparadzanisa haina kutariswa zvakanyanya, asi zvine nharo ndiyo inonyanya kukosha kuchengetedza chikamu. Itete (16-25 μm kazhinji) ine porous membrane inodzivirira anode uye cathode kubva pakubata uku ichibvumira lithium ions kupfuura. Vaparadzi vekutanga vaive single-layer polyethylene (PE) kana polypropylene (PP).
Zvikamu zvemazuva ano zvepamusoro-zvinoparadzanisa zvinoshandisa zvimiro zvetrilayer, kazhinji PP/PE/PP. Iyo PE layer ine yakaderera kunyungudika (135 degree) pane PP (165 degree). Kana sero richitanga kupisa, PE inonyunguduka uye inozadza mu pores, ichivhara ionic kutakura kusati kwasvika kune ngozi. Izvi zvinodaidzwa kunzi thermal shutdown, uye ndiwo mutsara wako wekupedzisira wekudzivirira usati watiza kupisa.
Ceramic -yakavharidzirwa separators inowedzera imwe chengetedzo margin. Iyo yakaonda (2-4 μm) yakavharidzirwa yealumina kana mamwe maceramic particles pane imwe kana mativi maviri emuparadzi anochengetedza kuvimbika kwechimiro kunyangwe iyo polymer yakanyungudika. Iyo yekubatisa ine porous zvekuti ionic transport inoenderera mberi, asi inodzivirira electrode kubva kupfupi-circuiting kunyangwe pane tembiricha inodarika 150 degrees . Zvinoipira mutengo-zveceramic{10}zvakanamirwa zvinopatsanura zvinomhanya 2-3× mutengo wezviparadzanisa-nepamusoro zvishoma.
Porosity inowanzoita 40-50%. Yakanyanya kuderera uye ionic kuramba inokwira, ichidzikamisa simba kugona. Kunyanya kukwira uye simba remagetsi rinotambura. Pore saizi yekugovera nyaya zvakare; iyo Gurley nhamba (air permeability test) ndeye yakajairwa spec. Mazhinji eV-giredhi ekupatsanura anonanga 200-400 masekonzi/100cc.
Electrolyte Composition uye Additives
Iyo electrolyte mu lithium ion cell yakaoma kupfuura zvaungafunga. Base formulation inowanzoita lithium salt-LiPF₆ (lithium hexafluorophosphate) mu95%+ yemasero-akanyungudika mumusanganiswa weorganic carbonates. Kazhinji zvinonyungudutsa zvinosanganisira ethylene carbonate (EC), dimethyl carbonate (DMC), diethyl carbonate (DEC), uye ethyl methyl carbonate (EMC).
LiPF₆ concentration inowanzotenderedza 1.0 kusvika 1.2 M (molar). Kukwirira kwepamusoro kunovandudza ionic conductivity kusvika padanho, asi kupfuura 1.3 M kana zvakadaro unotanga kuwana kunaya kwemunyu pakudziya kwakaderera. LiPF₆ ine nyaya-yakaita mwando-inonzwa uye inotanga kuora pamusoro pemadhigirii makumi matanhatu -asi dzimwe nzira dzakaita seLiBOB kana LiFSI haisati yaibvisa nekuda kwemutengo kana zvimwewo zvachinja.
Iyo carbonate solvent musanganiswa inogadziridzwa yekushandisa. EC ine high dielectric constant uye yakanaka SEI-kuumba zvivakwa, asi inotonhora pa36 degrees. Unoda kuisanganisa neakaderera-viscosity carbonates seDMC kana EMC kuti irambe yakadzikama-tembiricha ichiita. Magadzirirwo akajairika anogona kunge ari EC:DMC 1:1 nehukuru, kana EC:EMC 3:7. Iwo chaiwo reshiyo ndeemuridzi uye anochengetedzwa zvakanyanya.
Additives ndipo panoitika chaiyo chemistry magic. Maelectrolyte emazuva ano ane 2-5% pahuremu hwezvimwe zvinhu zvakasiyana-siyana zvinoshandura magadzirirwo eSEI, kudzivirira kuwandisa, kudzvanyirira kugadzira gasi, kana kunatsiridza kugadzikana kwepamusoro-kudzikama. Vinylene carbonate (VC) pa 1-2% inenge yepasi rose yekuvandudza SEI mhando pamagraphite anodes. Fluoroethylene carbonate (FEC) inoshanda zvirinani kune silicon-ine anode. Aya makomisheni anonyanya kuderedza panguva yekutanga kuchaja kutenderera, achigadzira chidziviriro pane anode iyo inogonesa conductive asi yemagetsi insulating.
Overcharge yekudzivirira yekuwedzera senge biphenyl kana cyclohexylbenzene inotanga polymerizing kutenderedza 4.5V, ichigadzira shunt yemukati inodzivirira voltage kubva kukwira mberi. Izvi zvinokupa imwe dziviriro kana BMS ikakundikana, kunyangwe kuvimba nayo zviri pachena haisi dhizaini yakanakisa maitiro.
Solid Electrolyte Interface Kuumbwa
Iyo SEI ingangove isinganzwisisike asi inonyanya kukosha chikamu chelithium ion bhatiri kushanda. Munguva yekuchajisa mashoma ekutanga, maelectrolyte anoita neanode surface, achigadzira passivation layer. Iri denga rakakosha: rinofanira kunge riri ionically conductive (kubvumidza lithium ions kuburikidza) asi nemagetsi insulating (kudzivisa kuwedzera kuparara kwe electrolyte). SEI maumbirwo akashata-madhazeni emunyu welithium, organic compounds, uye mapolymers zvese zvakasanganiswa muchikamu 10-100 nm ukobvu.
Maumbirwo akanaka eSEI ndiwo mutsauko uripo pakati pesero rinotenderera ka500 nerimwe rinotenderera ka3 000. Dambudziko nderekuti SEI haina kumira. Inotsemuka panguva yekuchinja kwevhoriyamu mune anode, ichiburitsa nyowani nyowani iyo inoshandisa yakawanda electrolyte uye lithium kugadzirisa kukuvara. Ichi ndicho chikonzero simba rinopera pamusoro pekuchovha bhasikoro kunyangwe uri munyoro nesero.
Kugadzira bhasikoro inhanho yakakosha yekugadzira. Masero anochajiswa kamwe chete kana kupfuura zvishoma-kuburitsa mutembiricha akadzora tembiricha kuti atange SEI yekutanga. Mitemo yekugadzira ndeyamuridzi, asi mari yechaji yekutanga{{3}kutenderera iC/20 kusvika kuC/10, uye maitiro acho anogona kutora maawa 24-48. Vagadziri vanokwirisa maumbirwo emagetsi emagetsi, tembiricha, nguva dzekuzorora, uye mapatani ekuchovha bhasikoro kuti vagadzire iyo yakagadzikana SEI inogoneka. Kuwana izvi zvisirizvo kunodhura hupenyu hwekutenderera.
Kuchembera kwekarenda-kurasikirwa nekugona kunyangwe sero ichangogara ipapo-chikuru chiitiko cheSEI zvakare. Iyo SEI inoramba ichikura zvishoma nezvishoma padunhu rakavhurika, ichidya cyclable lithium. Kuchengetera padanho repamusoro uye tembiricha inomhanyisa izvi. Sero rakachengetwa pa100% SOC uye 60 dhigirii rinogona kurasikirwa ne20% kugona pagore, ukuwo sero rimwe chete pa50% SOC ne25℃rinogona kurasikirwa ne3%.
Kuchaja Protocols uye Battery Management
Lithium ion cells anonzwa nekukwirisa, -kubuda, uye kuchaja patembiricha isina kufanira. Ndosaka peki yega yega -yesero yebhatiri inoda BMS (battery management system).
Nzira yekuchaja inogara iripo/constant voltage (CC-CV). Muchikamu cheCC, unosaidzira musero nenguva yakatarwa-kazhinji 0.5C kusvika 1C kumasero mazhinji, kunyange mamwe maseru akakwirira-anokwanisa kubata 3C kana kudarika. Voltage inokwira sezvo sero rinochaja. Kana voltage yasvika painogumira (4.2V kumakemistri mazhinji, 3.65V yeLFP, 4.3V kana 4.35V kune mamwe -simba reNMC akasiyana), unochinja kuenda kuCV mode. Ikozvino inodzima sezvo sero rinosvika kuzara, kazhinji kucheka kana ikozvino inodonha pasi peC/20 kana C/50.
Kuchaja nekukurumidza kwakaoma. Machaji epamusoro anomhanyisa lithium plating pane anode, zvinove zvine njodzi-metallic lithium inoshanda zvakanyanya uye inogona kutungamira kune zvikabudura zvemukati kana dendrite kugadzirwa inopinda panoparadzanisa. Kuti utsanye-kuchaja zvisina njodzi, unofanira kunzwisisa kuti voltage, current, uye tembiricha zvinodyidzana sei nelithium plating.
Nyaya iripo ndeyekuti haugone kuyera lithium plating yakananga muchitokisi chakavharwa. Iwe unofanirwa kufungidzira kubva kune mamwe masaini. Imwe nzira ndeyekutevera anode inogona kupesana ne lithium metal reference. Kana anode mukana ukaenda pazasi 0V kupesana neLi/Li⁺, plating iri kuitika. Dambudziko nderekuti, maseru mazhinji ekutengesa haana mareferenzi emagetsi.
Kukwira kwekushisa panguva yekuchaja nekukurumidza kunokosha zvakare. Sero rinochaja pa2C rinogona kuona tembiricha yemukati ichikwira 15-20 madhigirii pamusoro peambient kunyangwe paine kutonhora kunoshanda. Pakutonhora, izvi zvinobatsira chaizvo-sero rinotonhora (say -10℃) rine simba rakashata, asi kana ukagona kuridziisa nekuchaja nemitengo iri pakati nepakati (0.5C), kushanda kunovandudzika. Mamwe maEV anoita izvi nemaune: mukutonhora kwemamiriro ekunze, anomhanyisa pfupi-yazvino yekuchaja pulse kuti adziye bhatiri mutyairi asati adaidzira simba rakakura kuti rikwidze.
Kuenzanisa kwesero kunodiwa nekuti maseru ari munhevedzano haagari akanyatsoenderana. Kugadzirisa kushivirira kwekugadzira, misiyano midiki-yemitengo yekuzviburitsa, uye magradients ekupisa mukati mepakiti zvinokonzeresa kudonha kwemagetsi. Kana iwe ukachaja tambo dzakatevedzana pasina kuenzanisa, mamwe masero anorova yepamusoro voltage muganho pamberi pevamwe. Masero akasimba ane mari shoma, masero asina simba anowedzerwa, uye kushanda kunotambura.
Passive balancing inoshandisa zvinodzivirira kubuda simba kubva ku-voltage cells. Zviri nyore uye zvakachipa asi zvinopedza simba sekupisa. Active balancing inoshandisa DC-DC converter kana capacitor kuendesa simba kubva kumasero akakwirira kuenda kumasero akaderera. Kunyanya kushanda, kuoma, kudhura. Kune 400V EV paki, passive balancing inogona kutambisa 50-100W zvichienderera, izvo zvisina basa kana zvichienzaniswa nesimba rekutyaira asi zvinowedzera nekufamba kwenguva.
Thermal Management Kufunga
Kugadzira kupisa mu lithium ion cell kunobva kunzvimbo nhatu: kupisa kusingadzoreki (Joule kupisa kubva mukati mekupokana), kudzoreredza kupisa (entropy shanduko ye electrochemical reaction), uye kupisa kubva kudivi rekuita. Pamitengo yakaderera kusvika pakati nepakati C-, kupisa kunodzoserwa kunotonga. Pakakwirira C-mateti, kupisa kusingadzoreki kunotora simba.
Iyo inodzoreredzwa yekupisa nguva inonakidza nekuti inoshandura chiratidzo zvichienderana neSOC. Kune akawanda lithium ion chemistries, kuchaja kunogadzira kupisa kune yakaderera SOC asi kunotora kupisa kwakakwira SOC. Kubvisa kunoita zvinopesana. Iyo crossover point yakatenderedza 50-60% SOC kazhinji. Ichi ndicho chikonzero iwe unogona kuona tembiricha yesero ichidonha panguva yekupedzisira yekuchaja kana yazvino yakadzikira zvakakwana.
Kuramba kwemukati kunosiyana nekupisa, SOC, uye kuchembera. Pamadhigirii makumi maviri neshanu, sero nyowani 18650 inogona kunge iine makumi mana -60 millionhms DC kuramba. Pa -20 dhigirii, iyo inogona kusvetuka kusvika ku200-300 miriyoni. Ichi ndicho chikonzero kutonhora-mamiriro ekunze EV mhando inodonha zvakanyanya. Hakusi chete kuti chemistry inononoka pakudziya kwakaderera, asi kuwedzera kwemukati kuramba kunoreva kuti simba rebhatiri rinoparara sekupisa mukati mesero.
The thermal runaway threshold inoenderana nemakemikari. Kune maseru eNMC, exothermic decomposition reactions inotanga kutenderera 180-220 degree. Kana yangotanga, tembiricha inogona kukwira pa10-50℃pasekondi, inosvika 800℃kana kupfuura. LFP yakachengeteka zvakanyanya; thermal runaway kutanga i270℃+ uye tembiricha yepamusoro yasvika yakadzikira.
Kupararira pakati pemasero ari mupakiti ndiyo ngozi chaiyo. Kana sero rimwe rakapinda murunaway rinopisa, rinopisa vavakidzani varo. Kuti maseru evavakidzani anotizawo zvinoenderana nekukwanisa kutonhodza, nzvimbo yemasero, uye kuvhara. UL 9540A bvunzo yekuparadzira inoteedzera izvi nekumanikidza sero rimwe chete mukupisa kunotiza uye kutarisa kana maseru ari padyo anotevera. Yakanaka paki dhizaini ine kutadza kune imwe sero kana kunyanya diki module.
Nzira dzekutonhodza dzinosiyana. Kutonhodza mhepo kuri nyore-kuvhuvhuta mweya pamusoro pemaseru kana pakiti. Inoshanda Zvakanaka kune yakaderera simba density application senge maPHEVs kana simba rekuchengetedza masisitimu. Kutonhodzwa kwemvura kunodiwa pa-kushanda kweEVs. Madhizaini mazhinji anoshandisa 50:50 mvura-glycol musanganiswa pa10-25 litres paminiti nemumapuleti anotonhora kana machanera ekutonhodza. Inlet tembiricha inowanzodzorwa kusvika 20-35 degree. Battery pack tembiricha magradients anofanirwa kugara ari pasi pe5℃max to min kudzivirira kukurumidza kuchembera kwemaseru anopisa.
Mamwe madhizaini ekuedza anoshandisa kutonhodza mufiriji, kunyudza mumhepo inonzi dielectric fluid, kana phase-kuchinja zvinhu. Refrigerant kutonhora inogona kudhonza kupisa kwakawanda kunze asi inoda yakanyanya kuoma AC system. Kunyudza kutonhora kune yakanakisa kupisa kupisa coefficients (500-2,000 W/m²K maringe ne50-150 W/m²K yekutonhoresa mvura isina kunanga) asi kuvhara uye kuenderana kwemvura idambudziko. MaPCM anoshanda akanyarara asi anofanirwa kuramba kupisa kwakachengetwa pakupedzisira, saka ivo vanonyanya kubatsira nekutonhora kwenguva pfupi panguva yekuchaja nekukurumidza kana kumhanyisa kumhanyisa.
Performance Degradation uye Kukundikana Modes
Capacity fade uye impedance kukura ndiwo maviri makuru ekuderedza maitiro. Zvinokonzerwa nemaitiro akasiyana emuviri nemakemikari anoitika panguva imwe chete.
Padivi reanode, SEI kukura inoshandisa cyclable lithium uye electrolyte, kuwedzera kuramba. Graphite exfoliation inogona kuitika kana sero rikachajwa patembiricha yakaderera-lithium plates panzvimbo yegraphite pane kupindirana, uye painozopindirana, inotsemura chimiro chegirafiti nepakati. Izvi kazhinji hazvidzoreki. Kuora kwebinder patembiricha yakakwira kunokonzera kurasikirwa kwemagetsi pakati pezvimedu.
Cathode degradation inosanganisira transition metal dissolution (kunyanya manganese muLMO kana manganese{{0}ine NMC), shanduko kubva pakudzokororwa kuisa/kubviswa kwelithium, uye kugadzirwa patsva kwepamusoro-nickel cathodes. Iyo yakanyungudika shanduko simbi inotamira kune anode kwainokonzeresa kukura kweSEI, saka kushatisa kwecathode zvisina kunanga kunomhanyisa kuderedzwa kweanode.
Kuora kweElectrolyte uye kugadzirwa kwegasi matambudziko akakura pakukwira kwemagetsi uye tembiricha yakakwira. Magasi akajairika anosanganisira CO₂, CO, uye akasiyana mahydrocarbons kubva mukuora kwecarbonate. Mumahomwe maseru, uchaona homwe ichizvimba zvinooneka. Mune cylindrical kana prismatic maseru ane kesi dzakaoma, kudzvanywa kunovaka kusvika iyo yekuchengetedza vent yavhurwa (kazhinji pa10-15 bar).
Kurasikirwa kwe lithium inventory inzira huru yekudzima. Nguva yese iyo SEI inokura kana lithium mahwendefa zvisingachinjike pane anode, imwe lithium inotorwa kunze kwedziva re cyclable lithium. Pakupedzisira unopera uye simba rinodonha.
Kukundikana kamwe kamwe kunogona kuitika kubva mukati me shorts. Zvikabudura zvizhinji zvinotanga zvishoma-kasimbi kadiki diki kanobaya patsanurai, kana kuti lithium dendrite inokura. Iyo pfupi inogadzira nzvimbo inopisa, iyo inokurumidza kuderedzwa munharaunda, izvo zvinoita kuti pfupi iwedzere, uye iwe unowana yakanaka mhinduro loop. Dzimwe nguva sero pacharo-inopora kana kapfupi kazvinyunguduka kakavhurika. Dzimwe nguva inoenda kumhepo inopisa.
Miedzo yekupinda kwezvipikiri (kumanikidza chipikiri chesimbi kuburikidza nesero yakachajwa) muyedzo wakajairwa wekushungurudzwa. Masero eLFP kazhinji haapinde mukupisa kwekupisa kubva pakupinda kwembambo. Maseru eNMC anowanzo kuita, kunyangwe madhizaini ane zviri nani kuparadzanisa uye akaderera chaiwo simba dzimwe nguva anogona kupfuura.
Mufananidzo 5 hurongwa hwekugona kuchengetedza maringe nenhamba yekutenderera kwemakemistri akati wandei pasi pemamiriro epakati pemabhasikoro (1C kuchaja / kuburitsa, 25 dhigirii, 100% DOD).
State of Charge uye State of Health Estimation
Iwe haugone kuyera zvakananga kuti ingani simba riri mu lithium ion cell. Iwe unofanirwa kuzvifungidzira kubva kune zvimwe zviyero: voltage, ikozvino, uye tembiricha.
Iyo yakapfava yeSOC estimation method ndeye voltage-based. Chemistry yega yega ine hunhu hwakavhurika-circuit voltage maringe neSOC curve. Pima iyo voltage mushure mekunge sero rambozorora kwekanguva (kurega voltage inodonha ichidonha kubva mukati mekuramba kuora), tarisa kumusoro paOCV curve, uye iwe unoziva SOC. Dambudziko nderekuti, hauwanzo kuwana nguva yekuti sero rizorore mumashandisirwo chaiwo.
Coulomb counting ndiyo yakajairwa nzira. Iwe unobatanidza zvazvino nekufamba kwenguva kuti utarise kuchaja mukati nekubuda. Kana ukatanga paSOC inozivikanwa, unogona kuverenga iyo SOC itsva chero nguva. Kurongeka kunoenderana ne sensor yako yazvino (± 0.5% yakajairwa) uye kuziva iyo yechokwadi kugona. Zvikanganiso zvinoungana nekufamba kwenguva, saka unofanirwa kudzokorodza nguva nenguva nekuita chaji yakazara kana kutenderera kutenderera.
Modhi-nzira dzinoshandisa imwe yedunhu yakaenzana kana electrochemical modhi yesero. Iwe unoyera terminal voltage uye yazvino, mhanyisa iwo kuburikidza nemuenzaniso wako, uye bvisa mukati mematunhu kusanganisira SOC. Mafirita akawedzerwa eKalman kana mafirita akafanana akajairika. Idzi nzira dzinogona kuve dzakarurama kwazvo (± 2% SOC kukanganisa) asi inoda mhando dzakanaka uye zvakakosha computational zviwanikwa.
Kufungidzira kweSOH kwakaoma nekuti uri kuyedza kuyera kudzikisira, izvo zvinononoka uye zvishoma nezvishoma. Kugona kupera uye kukura kwe impedance hazvifanire kuenderana nemutsara kune mumwe nemumwe kana nekuverenga kutenderera. Sero rave kukurumidza-kuchajwa yakawanda rinogona kunge riine impedance yakakura asi simba riri pakati nepakati chete rinopera. Sero rakachengetwa pakakwirira SOC/tembiricha rinogona kunge riine simba rakakura kupera asi rakadzikira impedance kukura.
Chiitiko cheindasitiri ndechekutsanangura SOH zvichienderana nehukuru: sero pa80% yesimba rayo rekutanga riri pa80% SOH, uye izvi zvinowanzoonekwa sekuguma-kwe-kwehupenyu hweEV applications. Iyo sero ichiri kushanda, asi huwandu hwakadonha 20%. Zvekuchengetedza simba rekushandisa, maseru anogona kushandiswa kusvika pa60-70% SOH.
Mamwe maBMS anoongorora nguva nenguva{{0}kuburitsa bhatiri nemutengo wakaderera uye kuyera kuti isimba rakadii rinobuda. Izvi ndezvechokwadi asi zvinokanganisa (bhatiri harisipo panguva yekuedzwa) uye zvinotora maawa. Dzimwe nzira dzinoedza kufungidzira huwandu husina kunanga kubva kune voltage curves, impedance kuyerwa, kana coulombic kunyatsoita.
Kupikiswa kwemukati kunogona kuyerwa nekushandisa pulse ikozvino uye kuyera voltage mhinduro, kana nekubaya diki chiratidzo che AC pama frequency akasiyana (electrochemical impedance spectroscopy). EIS inopa ruzivo rwakawanda asi inoda hunyanzvi hardware iyo isingawanzo kuwanikwa mumabhizimusi eBMS.
Chechipiri-Maapplications eHupenyu neKudzokorodza
Kana bhatiri reEV rasvika kumagumo-ye{1}}yeupenyu (kazhinji 70-80% yesimba repakutanga), rinonyatsoshanda kune mamwe maapplication ari mashoma. Kushandiswa kwebhatiri rehupenyu hwechipiri kuri kuwedzera kusimba kwekuchengetedza simba rakamira.
Economics inonetsa. Iwe unofanirwa kuyedza paki yakasiya basa, uchikwanisa kuigadzira zvakare (tsiva iyo BMS, inotonhorera sisitimu, kana yakakuvadzwa mamodule), isimbise kune iyo nyowani application, uye ipa waranti. Zvese izvi zvinoda mari. Kuti-hupenyu hwechipiri huve nemusoro, paki yakagadziridzwa inoda kudhura zvakanyanya pane paki nyowani yakagadzirirwa iyo yakamira application. Mutengo unopwanya kunyangwe kugadziridza kuchimhanya kuri pasi pe40-50% yemutengo mutsva wepakiti, zvichienderana nekuti unotenda kuongororwa kwaani.
Kuongorora maseru akarega basa haisi nyaya-zviduku. Module inogona kunge iine mazana emasero akatevedzana-akatevedzana. Iwe haugone kuzviyedza zviri nyore ega. Iwe unogona kuyedza module seyuniti, asi sero rimwe rakashata rinogona kuzvifukidza pacharo. Dzimwe nzira dzekudzikisira dzakaoma kuona pasina kuyedzwa kunoparadza. Panewo mubvunzo wekuti: kana sekondi-bhatiri rehupenyu rikabatira moto, ndiani ane mhosva?
Kugadzira patsva ndiwo magumo ekupedzisira-e-nzira yehupenyu. Kugadziridza kwakakura-kurizvino kunoshandisa pyrometallurgy (smelting) kana hydrometallurgy (chemical leaching). Pyrometallurgy iri nyore asi isingasarudze zvishoma-unowana masimbi akasanganiswa anoda kumwe kunatswa. Hydrometallurgy inogona kudzoreredza simbi yega pakuchena kwepamusoro asi inoda mamwe matanho uye inogadzira tsvina yemakemikari.
Hupfumi hwekudzokorodza hunoenderana zvakanyanya nemitengo yesimbi. Cobalt yakakosha (inenge $30-40/kg munhoroondo, kunyangwe mitengo ichikwira zvisingaite), saka kugadzira patsva cobalt-makemesitiri akapfuma kune mari. Nickel yakakosha kudzokorodza pachiyero. Manganese, iron, nealuminium zvakaderera-masimbi anokosha, saka kudzokorodza zvine musoro kuti zvisasvike pakuraswa. Lithium inonakidza-haina kunyanya kukosha pakirogiramu, asi zvipingamupinyi zvekupa zvinoita kuti kupora kukwezve.
Kudzokorodza kwakananga-kuparadzanisa bhatiri nekushandisazve cathode kana anode zvinhu zvakananga pasina kuiputsa kuita munyu wesimbi-inzvimbo yetsvakiridzo inopisa. Kana iwe ukakwanisa kudzoreredza cathode poda mune inoshandisika fomu, waizochengetedza simba uye mutengo we cathode synthesis. Matambudziko anosanganisira kupatsanura zvinhu zvinoshanda kubva kune vaunganidzi vazvino uye vanosunga, uye kubata nenyaya yekuti zvinhu zvakadzokororwa musanganiswa wemaseru kubva kune vakasiyana vagadziri, mazera, uye chemistries.
