Chii chinonzi Battery Capacity?

Kukwana kwebhatiri kunoyera huwandu hwechaji yemagetsi inogona kuchengetwa uye kutumirwa nebhatiri, kazhinji inoburitswa mumaampere-maawa (Ah) kana milliampere-maawa (mAh). Iyi metric inotara kuti bhatiri rinogona kugonesa mudziyo kwenguva yakareba sei risati rada kuchajazve.

Kuwanda kwebhatiri hakuyerwe nemwero wepasi rose. Iyo yakakodzera unit inoenderana nehukuru hwebhatiri uye mamiriro ekushandisa.

Ampere-maawa (Ah) anomiririra kuyerwa kwehukuru hwemabhatiri masisitimu mazhinji. Imwe Ah inoreva kuti bhatiri rinogona kupa imwe ampere yeazvino kweawa imwe chete. Bhatiri re100Ah rinogona kupa zana amps kweawa imwe chete, 50 amps kwemaawa maviri, kana gumi amps kwemaawa gumi pasi pemamiriro akanaka.

Mabhatiri madiki anoshandisa milliampere-maawa (mAh), apo 1,000 mAh yakaenzana ne1 Ah. Mabhatiri eSmartphone anowanzo kubva pa3,000 kusvika pa5,000 mAh, nepo mabhatiri epalaptop anogona kunge aine 40,000 kusvika 100,000 mAh. Aya madiki mayuniti anoita kuti hunyanzvi hwekuita hushande kune zvemagetsi zvevatengi.

Watt-maawa (Wh) inopa mufananidzo wakakwana nekuverenga zvese zvirikuitika uye magetsi. Kuverenga kwakatwasanuka: wedzera amp-maawa nevoltige. Bhatiri re12V rakaiswa pa100Ah rinochengeta 1,200Wh yesimba. Chiyero ichi chinoratidza kunyanya kukosha kana tichienzanisa mabhatiri ane akasiyana voltages, sezvo Ah chete haatauri iyo yakazara simba nyaya.

Musika wekuUS wekuchengetera mabhatiri wakaratidza kuyerwa kwezviyero izvi muna 2024, apo zvekushandisa{3}}zvikero zvakapfuura 26 GW zvekuwedzera simba-zvichimiririra kuwedzera kwe66% kubva gore rapfuura. Kukura uku kunoshandura kusvika kumabhiriyoni emawatt-maawa ekuchengetedza simba zvino kutsigira grid yemagetsi.

Chiyero chekugona chinoratidza chaji yemagetsi yakachengetwa, asi kuwana huwandu hwakazara hunoenderana nemashandisiro aunoita bhatiri. Funga nezvayo setangi remafuta uko mari inoshandiswa inosiyana zvichienderana nemamiriro ekutyaira.

Kuita kwemakemikari mukati mebhatiri kunogadzira simba rakachengetwa. Active zvinhu mukati me electrode zvinotarisa iyo yakanyanya kubhadharisa inogona kuchengetwa uye kuburitswa. Mune alithium bhatiri, lithium ions shuttle pakati pe cathode uye anode panguva yekubhadhara uye kubuda kwemhepo. Huwandu nemhando yezvishandiso izvi zvinoganhura simba{{1}zvakawanda zvinoreva huwandu hwepamusoro, tichifunga kuti zvimwe zvinhu zvinoramba zviripo.

Hukama huripo pakati pezvino uye huwandu hausi mutsetse. Kudhirowa yakakwirira ikozvino kubva mubhatiri kunoderedza hunoshanda hunokwanisa hwaunogona kubvisa. Payero yekubuda ye0.1C (apo C inomiririra huwandu hwebhatiri), unogona kudzoreredza 100% yehuwandu hwakayerwa. Wedzera kusvika ku2C, uye kugona kunoshanda kunogona kudonha kusvika 95-96%. Sunda ku3C, uye kurasikirwa kunowedzera kutaurwa.

Izvi zvinoitika nekuti electrochemical reactions inoda nguva. Paunobuda nekukurumidza, maion haana nguva yakakwana yekufamba nepakati pe electrolyte uye kusvika kunzvimbo dzekupindura. Zvimwe zvinhu zvinoshanda zvinoramba zvisina kushandiswa, zvinobudirira kuderedza huwandu huripo. Kunonoka kuburitsa mitengo inobvumira kuita kwakawanda kuzere uye kushandiswa kwehuwandu hwepamusoro.

Battery Capacity

Tembiricha inogadzira misiyano inoshamisa yekugona. Pa 25℃(77℃F), mabhatiri anoita zvinoenderana nezvaakapihwa. Kudonha kusvika -18 dhigirii (0℃F), uye mabhatiri mazhinji anoburitsa chete 50% yehuwandu hwakayerwa. Maitiro emakemikari anononoka zvakanyanya mumamiriro ekutonhora, achiwedzera kuramba mukati uye kuderedza kuyerera kwezvino.

Ukuwo, pa50℃(122℃F), huwandu hunogona kuwedzera ne10-15%, asi izvi zvinouya nemari yakakomba. Tembiricha yakakwira inokwidziridza kuderera, zvichigona kutapudza hupenyu hwebhatiri kune yega yega 10 madhigirii kuwedzera pamusoro peiyo tembiricha yekushandisa. Mutemo weArrhenius unotara hukama-hwekuora huwandu hwakapetwa kaviri negumi rega rega tembiricha inokwira.

Kune lithium bhatiri masisitimu zvakananga, huwandu hunoratidza isingaite tembiricha mhinduro. Pamadhigirii 0 , huwandu hunowanzodzikira kusvika pa80% yekamuri-yeyero yekupisa. Pa -20 degree, kugona kunogona kudonha kusvika 60%. Zvichakadaro, tembiricha iri pamusoro pe45℃inokonzeresa kunetseka kwekuchengetedza uye inomhanyisa kugona kupera nekufamba kwenguva.

Mwero wekuburitsa unokanganisa zvakanyanya kuti ndeupi huwandu hwaunganyatso kushandisa. Bhatiri rakaiswa pa10Ah parinobuditswa kweanopfuura maawa makumi maviri rinogona kungoburitsa 9.5Ah kana raburitswa kweanopfuura maawa maviri, uye pamwe 8.5Ah kana yapedzwa mumaminetsi makumi matatu. Peukert effect, yakatanga kutsanangurwa muna 1897 yelead{{9}asidhi mabhatiri, inotsanangura chiitiko ichi nemasvomhu.

Zera rebhatiri rinodzikisira kugona. Chaji yega yega-inoburitsa inopedza zvimwe zvinobatika uye inogadzira shanduko yemukati. Lithium bhatiri rinogona kuchengetedza 80% yehuwandu hwepakutanga mushure memazana mashanu, kunyange izvi zvichisiyana zvakanyanya zvichienderana nekemesitiri uye mashandisiro ekushandisa. Lithium iron phosphate (LiFePO4) mabhatiri anogona kudarika 2,000 cycles asati asvika 80% kukwanisa, zvichiita kuti ave akakurumbira kune zvikumbiro zvinoda hupenyu hurefu.

Iyo yakakosha formula inoita seyakapusa: Kugona (Ah)=Ikozvino (A) × Nguva (maawa). Bhatiri rinopa 5 amps kwemaawa mana rine 20Ah kugona. Nekudaro, maapplication chaiwo anoda kugadziriswa kwezvinhu zvakurukurwa pamusoro.

Kushandura pakati pe-maawa newatt-maawa: Wh=Ah × Voltage. A 48V, 20Ah bhatiri rinochengeta 960Wh yesimba. Kuverenga uku kunokosha kana uchiisa mabheti emagetsi masisitimu kana kuenzanisa mabhatiri ane akasiyana voltage ratings.

Pamapaketi ebhatiri relithium, vagadziri vanowanzodoma simba rezita-rinenge richida kukwana pasi pemamiriro ebvunzo akajairwa (kazhinji madhigirii 25, mwero wekubuda zviri pakati nepakati). Chaiyo inoshandisika simba inosiyana. Iyo yezita 3,500 mAh smartphone bhatiri inogona kuunza 3,200 mAh mukushandisa chaiko, kunyanya kana foni ichishanda munzvimbo inotonhora kana ichida yakakwira ikozvino panguva yebasa rakasimba.

Battery manejimendi masisitimu (BMS) inoomesa kuverenga kwehuwandu nekudzivirira kubuda kwakazara. Mazhinji lithium bhatiri masisitimu anodzika inoshandisika kugona kusvika 80-90% yezita rezita kuti uwedzere hupenyu. Bhatiri re 100Ah rinogona kungobvumira kuwana 85Ah mukushanda kwakajairika.

Akasiyana bhatiri chemistries anoratidza akasiyana kugona hunhu. Lead{{1}mabhatiri easidhi anowanzo kupa 30-50 Wh/kg kusimba kwesimba. Nickel-mabhatiri emetal hydride anovandudza izvi kusvika pa60-120 Wh/kg. Mazuva ano mabhatiri e-lithium-ion anowana 150-250 Wh/kg, achitsanangura kutonga kwavo mumagetsi anotakurika uye mota dzemagetsi.

Mukati me lithium bhatiri zvikamu, chaiwo makemikari anoita akasiyana tradeoffs. Lithium cobalt oxide (LiCoO2) mabhatiri, akajairika mumafoni efoni, anotungamira kusimba kwesimba. Lithium iron phosphate mabhatiri anopira imwe simba density yekuwedzera kuchengetedza uye kutenderera hupenyu. Lithium nickel manganese cobalt oxide (NMC) mabhatiri anoyera hunhu uhu, huchiita kuti huzivikanwe mumotokari dzemagetsi.

The theoretical maximum capacity for lithium metal anodes inosvika 3,860 mAh/g. Mukuita, mabhatiri ekutengesa lithium-ion anoshandisa graphite anode anosvika 372 mAh/g yeanode. Uyu mukaha uripo pakati pe theoretical uye inoshanda kugona inofambisa kuenderera mberi kutsvagisa musilicon anode, iyo inopa theoretical kugona inodarika 4,000 mAh/g.

Kugadzirwa kwebhatiri pasi rose kwakasvika pa3 TWh muna 2024, paine fungidziro dzinoratidza kuti izvi zvinogona kupetwa katatu panosvika 2029 kana zvivakwa zvakarongwa zvikatanga kushanda. China inodzora ingangoita makumi manomwe neshanu muzana ehuwandu hwekugadzira, asi huwandu hweUS hwakapetwa kaviri pakati pa2022 na2024 zvichitevera kuisirwa mutero kwechikwereti.

Kusarudza bhatiri rakakodzera kunoda kuenzanisa zvinodikanwa zvesimba nemaitiro ekushandisa. Bhatiri rinotanga mota rinogona kuita 54-60Ah, rakagadziridzwa kuti riunze mabhomba akawandisa. Bhatiri rakadzama{{4}kutenderera kwesolar system rinogona kupa zvakafanana amp-awa rating asi akasiyana siyana ekubuda anokodzera kugadzikana, kurebesa kuendesa magetsi.

Zvemagetsi anotakurika, huwandu hunoturikira zvakananga kunguva yekushandisa. Iyo 5,000 mAh smartphone bhatiri inogonesa mudziyo unodhonza avhareji 500 mA ingangogara maawa gumi. Nguva yekumhanya chaiyo inodonha ipfupi nekuda kwekusiyana kwekuda kwesimba, kupenya kwescreen, wireless yekubatanidza, uye kumashure maitiro.

Motokari dzemagetsi dzinoratidza kugona pamwero mukuru. Iyo Tesla Model 3 Yakajairwa Range inosanganisa ingangoita 50-60 kWh yebhatiri huwandu. Paavhareji yekushandisa chiyero che150 Wh pamamaira, izvi zvinopa zvingangoita 270 mamaira erenji pasi pemamiriro akakwana. Tembiricha, maitiro ekutyaira, uye mashandisirwo ekushandisa zvakanyanya zvinokanganisa chaiwo renji.

Masisitimu ekuchengetedza magetsi esimba rinogoneka zvakare anoda kungwarira kugona kuverenga. Kuiswa kwesolar pamba kungada mabhatiri anosvika 10-20 kWh kuti uchengete zuva rezuva rekushandisa manheru. Zvekumisikidza zvekutengesa kusvika kuma megawatt-maawa, nemapurojekiti ega ega ave kusvika mazana emaawa megawati.

Battery Capacity

Kuyera kwesimba kwakaringana kunoda kudzorwa bvunzo dzekuburitsa. Maitiro acho anosanganisira kunyatsochaja bhatiri, wobva wariburitsa parizvino kusvika wasvika pane yakatarwa cutoff voltage. Kuwedzera kuburitsa ikozvino nenguva yakapfuura kunopa kuyerwa kugona.

Mitemo yekuongorora yakajairwa inotsanangura mwero wekubuda{{0}kazhinji chiyero chemaawa makumi maviri (C/20) kumabhatiri mahombe kana 1C kumaseru madiki. Bhatiri rakaiswa pa100Ah richishandisa chiyero chemaawa makumi maviri raizoedzwa pa5 amps discharge kusvika voltage yadonha kusvika painogumira. Kana izvi zvichitora maawa makumi maviri chaiwo, huwandu hwakaenzana neyakayerwa 100Ah.

Kudzora tembiricha panguva yekuyedzwa kunoratidza zvakakosha. Zviyero zvakawanda zvekugona zvinotora 25℃ambient tembiricha. Kuedza pane kumwe kupisa kunoburitsa mhedzisiro dzakasiyana, izvo vanogadzira dzimwe nguva vanopa senge inoderedza macurves anoratidza huwandu hwehuwandu hunopesana netembiricha.

Battery analyzers vanogadzirisa maitiro aya vachiyera mamwe ma paramita senge mukati mekupokana uye voltage curve maitiro. Kuyedza kwepamberi kunosanganisira kuyerwa kwehuwandu pahuwandu hwekuburitsa mazinga uye tembiricha kuratidza zvizere kushanda kwebhatiri mukati memamiriro ekushanda.

Maitiro ekuchaja akakodzera anochengetedza huwandu nekufamba kwenguva. Regedza kuburitsa mabhatiri elithium kana zvichiita-kuchengetedza kuchaji pakati pe20-80% kunoita kuti hupenyu huvepo. Dzimwe nguva kubuda kwakazara kunobatsira kudzoreredza iyo bhatiri manejimendi system asi haifanirwe kuve yenguva dzose tsika.

Kutarisira tembiricha kunokosha zvikuru. Chengetedza mabhatiri munzvimbo dzinotonhorera kana asiri kushandiswa. Panguva yekushanda, iva nechokwadi chekutonhodzwa kwakakwana kune-maapplication emagetsi epamusoro. Mamwe ma lithium bhatiri mapaketi anosanganisira anoshanda anopisa manejimendi masisitimu kuchengetedza yakakwana tembiricha mazinga.

Charge rate yekusarudza zviyero zvinorerukira maererano nehupenyu hurefu. Kuchaja nekukurumidza pamitengo inodarika 1C inomhanyisa kudzikisira kana ichienzaniswa nekunonoka kuchaja kutenderedza 0.5C. Kumaapplications ane bhatiri rakakosha kupfuura kumhanya kwekuchaja, kunonoka kuchaja kunobhadhara-mibairo yenguva refu.

Kuenzanisa kwemutoro kunodzivirira kuwandisa kwekubuda kwemitengo. Kushandisa bhatiri rine kukwana kwakaringana kwechishandiso kunodzivirira kuomarara kubva pakubuda kwemvura zhinji. Bhatiri re50Ah rinoramba richiunza 25A rinoshanda pa0.5C-pamwero wepakati. Iyo yakafanana 25A mutoro pabhatiri re10Ah inomiririra 2.5C, ichisimbisa bhatiri zvakanyanya.

Sarudza avhareji yechishandiso chako ikozvino kudhirowa uye yaunoda kumhanya nguva. Wedzera izvi zvakakosha, wobva wawedzera 20-30% margin yekurasikirwa kwehuwandu nekuda kwezera, tembiricha, uye chiyero chekuburitsa. Kana mudziyo wako ukadhirowa 2A uye uchida maawa mashanu ekumhanya, verenga (2A × 5h) × 1.25=12.5Ah ishoma kugona.

Zvinhu zvakati wandei zvinodzikisira kugona kusvika pazasi peyero. Kutonhora kwekushisa ndiyo inonyanya kukonzera, inogona kucheka simba ne 20-50%. High discharge rates inoderedza simba rinoshanda. Zera rebhatiri rinodzikisira kugona nekufamba kwenguva. BMS mipimo inogona kuganhurira hunogona kushandiswa kuchengetedza hupenyu hurefu hwebhatiri.

Kugona kwesero yebhatiri yega kunogadziriswa nekemikari yayo uye kuvaka. Iwe haugone kuwedzera huwandu hwebhatiri rimwe chete. Zvisineyi, kubatanidza mabhatiri akawanda akatevedzana anosanganisa maamp-awa zviyero. Mabhatiri maviri e50Ah akafanana anopa 100Ah yakazara huwandu pamhepo imwe chete.

Nominal capacity inomiririra kuyerwa kwemugadziri pasi pemamiriro ekuyedza-kazhinji tembiricha ye25℃uye mwero wekubuda zviri pakati nepakati. Kugona chaiko kunosiyana zvichienderana nemamiriro ekushanda. Bhatiri rako rinogona kudarika zvarinoda kuita pasi pemamiriro ekunze akanaka kana kuunza zvishoma kana kuchitonhora kana kuti parinenge -rinobuda.

Battery Capacity

Kufambira mberi kwazvino kwakasundira miganhu yekugona zvakanyanya. CATL yakafumura bhatiri rayo reShenxing Plus muna Kubvumbi 2025, ichimaka yekutanga lithium iron phosphate bhatiri inodaidzira anopfuura chiuru chemakiromita pakuchaja imwe chete. Kubudirira uku kunoratidza kuvandudzwa kwesimba remagetsi, zvave kusvika nhanho dzaimbova dzepamusoro-dzemakemikari anodhura.

Solid-kugadziridzwa kwebhatiri renyika kunovimbisa humwe huwandu hwekuwedzera. Nekutsiva mvura electrolyte nezvinhu zvakasimba, mabhatiri aya anogona kupa yakakwira simba density uye kuchengetedzwa kwakavandudzwa. China parizvino iri kutonga pamusoro pe80% yezvakarongwa{4}}mabhatiri ekugadzira mabhatiri kusvika muna 2025, kunyange vagadziri vekuMadokero vari kuisa mari yakawanda kuvhara gaka iri.

Mabhatiri -echizvarwa anosanganisira lithium{{1}sarufa nesodium{2}}mabhatiri eion ari kubuda kubva mumarabhoritari etsvakurudzo. Lithium-sarufa inopa simba retioretical rinopfuura zvakajairika lithium-ion kakawanda. Sodium-ion inopa imwe{8}}mutengo wakaderera uchishandisa zvinhu zvakawanda, kunyangwe pakudzikira kwesimba zvichienzaniswa nemabhatiri elithium.

Battery simba rinoramba richikwira kuburikidza nekuwedzera kuvandudzwa kwezvinhu zve electrode, magadzirirwo emagetsi emagetsi, uye kugadzirwa kwesero. Kuwanda kwemagetsi kwakapetwa katatu kubvira mabhatiri elithium-akapinda mukugadzirwa kwekutengesa muna 1991, ukuwo mutengo wakaderera nechikamu che90%. Aya maitiro haaratidze zviratidzo zvekunonoka, zvichifambiswa nezvinodiwa kubva kumotokari dzemagetsi, renewable magetsi ekuchengetedza, uye inotakurika magetsi.

Hukama huri pakati pezviyero ne-zvinoitwa pasi rose zvinoda kunzwisisa zvinhu zvakawanda zvinodyidzana. Tembiricha, chiyero chekuburitsa, zera, uye manejimendi ebhatiri zvese zvinokanganisa kuti rakawanda sei simba raunogona kunyatso kubvisa kubva mubhatiri. Nekuzvidavirira kune izvi zvakasiyana-siyana paunenge uchisarudza uye uchishandisa mabhatiri, iwe unowana zvakanyanya kufanofungidzira kuita uye hupenyu hurefu hwesevhisi kubva kune ako ekuchengetedza simba masisitimu.