Upenyu hwema cycles ndehwekuti machaji mangani- ekuburitsa machaji ebhatiri risati radzikira kusvika padanho rakafanotsanangurwa. Kazhinji iyo 80%, kunyangwe ini ndaona specs pese pese-70% kune mamwe emotokari application, 85% yevamwe. Iyo chikumbaridzo pachayo imhando yekupokana uye ine zvakawanda zvekuita newaranti kuverenga pane chero yakakosha pfuma yebhatiri chemistry.
Sei mabhatiri akaderera
Iyo SEI layer pagraphite anode ingangove ndiyo yakanyanya kudzidzwa degradation mechanism mumabhatiri e lithium-ion. Paunotanga kuchaja sero, maelectrolyte anoora paanode uye ogadzira firimu rakasimba iri-kunyanya lithium carbonate, imwe lithium fluoride kana uchishandisa LiPF6 munyu, marudzi akasiyana-siyana. Iyi layer inofanira kudzikama mushure menguva shoma. Hazviiti. Inoramba ichikura, zvishoma nezvishoma, ichidya lithium iyo inofanirwa kunge iri bhasikoro. Ndakashanda purojekiti makore mashoma kumashure ndichiedza kudzikamisa SEI ne electrolyte additives. FEC (fluoroethylene carbonate) inobatsira, VC (vinylene carbonate) inobatsira zvakanyanya. Hapana anoipedza zvachose.
Yakakwira{{0}nickel cathodes inotsemuka. NMC811, inova 80% nickel, 10% manganese, 10% cobalt, inochinja zvakanyanya panguva yekuchovha bhasikoro-kupfuura nziyo dzekare dzeNMC111 kana NMC523. Zvimedu zvinotsemuka nepakati. Iwe unogona kuzviona pasi peSEM mushure memazana mashoma kutenderera. CATL yakafunga muna 2019 kuti kana ukagadzira imwe-crystal particles pachinzvimbo chepolycrystalline aggregates yaigadzirwa nemunhu wese, unobvisa kutsemuka kwakawanda nekuti hapana miganhu yezviyo. Zvinonzwika zviri pachena izvozvi asi kuwana synthesis paramita pachiyero zvakatora makore. Ini ndinofunga BYD iri kuita chimwe chinhu chakafanana neBlade bhatiri ravo asi ivo havabudise zvakawanda nezve yavo cathode kugadzirisa.
Tembiricha inonyanya kukosha kupfuura chero chinhu chipi zvacho, chokwadi. Kune yega yega 10 madhigirii anowedzera iwe zvakapetwa kaviri mwero wekuchembera. Izvi handizvo chaizvo-mamichina akasiyana ane masimba ekuita akasiyana{4}}asi ari pedyo zvakakwana pakufungidzira kweinjiniya. Paki inomhanya paavhareji ye35℃ichagara kureba kupfuura imwe pa45 degree. Tesla akadzidza izvi kare neRoadster. Mota dzavo dzepashure dzine hukasha hwekudziya kwekutonga, dzinomhanya dzichitonhodza kunyangwe dzakamiswa kana paki ichipisa zvakanyanya.
Kutonhora kunoshamisa. Iyo chemistry yekuora inononoka, izvo zvakanaka. Asi iwe unowana yakanyanya kupikisa uye kana ukaedza kuchaja nekukasira iwe unoisa ndiro lithium pane anode, iyo yakaipa kwazvo. Iyo lithium dhipoziti haidzokerike kurasikirwa kwesimba uye kana ikakura kuita dendrites unogona kuwana yemukati pfupi. Mazhinji maEV haakuregi iwe DC nekukurumidza kuchaja pazasi 0℃nekuda kweichi chikonzero.
Kudzika kwekubuda
Pane izvi{{0}zvinozivikanwa zvinoita apo kuchovha bhasikoro kunowedzera hupenyu. Kana ukangoshandisa 40% yehuwandu hwebhatiri pachinzvimbo che100%, unogona kupeta katatu hupenyu hwekutenderera. Pamwe zvimwe. Maitiro acho haana kunyatso kujeka. Kuchinja kwevhoriyamu kudiki muma electrode kungangobatsira. Kunzvenga zvakanyanyisa electrode zvinogoneka uko kuita kwedivi kunomhanyisa kunobatsira zvechokwadi. Asi hapana munhu akanyatso roverera pasi chaiyo mupiro wechimwe nechimwe chinhu.
Yese EV inovanza imwe kugona kubva kwauri. Kana dashboard yako ichiti 0% iwe unogona kunge uri pa5% chaiyo SOC. Kana ichiti 100% iwe uri pa95% kana pamwe 90%. Vagadziri vacho havabudise nhamba idzi. Ndakaedza kudzosera kumashure-injiniya paBolt yangu yakare nekutarisa data reBMS nebhazi reCAN asi matafura ekuenzanisa akavharidzirwa.
Kuedza nyaya dzenguva
Hapana anoda kumirira 3-makore mana kuti agadzirise kugadzirwa kwebhatiri. Saka tinoita kukurumidza kuyedza-tembiricha yepamusoro, kukurumidza kuchovha mabhasikoro. Dambudziko nderekuti hadzisi dzese nzira dzekushatisa dzinomhanyisa nenzira imwechete. Vamwe vanodaro, vamwe havadaro. Kukwidziridza tembiricha kunoshanda zvakanaka kune mazhinji maitiro emakemikari. Rate kukwidziridzwa kune sketchy. Uye kune kukundikana modhi inongoratidzira mushure mekarenda yakawedzerwa nguva yausingakwanise kumhanyisa zvachose.
Izvo zvichangoburwa ML zvekufungidzira zvinhu zvinonakidza. Unodyisa data rekutanga kuita modhi uye inofanotaura-nguva yakareba kuti simba rinopera. Stanford yakaburitsa rimwe basa pane izvi muna 2019, Carnegie Mellon akaita zvinhu zvakafanana. Inoshanda zvinoshamisa zvakanaka pamasero avakadzidzira. Generalization ndiro dambudziko. Shandura iyo cathode kuumbwa kana electrolyte kuumbwa uye iwe unofanirwa kudzidzira zvakare ne data nyowani, rudzi rwekukunda chinangwa kana uri kuyedza kufanotaura hupenyu hwechigadzirwa chitsva.
Different chemistries
LFP ine hupenyu huri nani hwekutenderera pane NMC, nguva. Unogona kuwana 3000-5000 macycles zviri nyore, dzimwe nguva zvakawanda. Murango wemagetsi ane hutsinye asi-uri kurega 30-40% zvichienzaniswa ne-high-nickel NMC. Vagadziri veChinese vakafunga kuti tradeoff iyi ine musoro kune maEV akachipa uko vanhu vasingade 300+ mamaira. BYD, CATL, munhu wese aripo ari kuita LFP yemota dzakajairwa. Western OEMs inononoka kuitora. Kusiyana kwetsika kana musika musiyano kana zvese, handina chokwadi.
Sodium-ion inofanirwa kuva nehupenyu hwakafanana neLFP zvichibva pane zvinotaurwa neCATL naNatron, asi yangove mukugadzirwa kwegore rose saka ndiani anoziva zvinoitika mushure me5+ makore ari mumunda.
Solid-nyika inoramba ichivimbisa hupenyu huri nani nekuti hapana mvura ye electrolyte inoreva kugadzikana kwakanyanya. Asi vanoramba vasingawanikwe mune zvekutengesa. QuantumScape yanga iri "makore maviri kure" kweanenge makore matanhatu ikozvino. Interface resistance, kurasikirwa kuonana panguva yekuchovha bhasikoro, lithium dendrites mune mamwe madhizaini-matambudziko aya akaoma kupfuura zvaifungwa nemunhu wese. Zvichida sulfide electrolytes ichashanda zviri nani pane maokisijeni. Iyo data inobuda muJapan inoratidza pamwe.
Kuchembera kwekarenda
Izvi zvinofuratirwa zvakanyanya asi zvakakura kune mota dzisingatyairwe zvakanyanya. Bhatiri rako rinodzikisira wakagara ipapo. Kuchengetedza tembiricha uye SOC zvese zvine basa. Zvakanyanya kuipa ndeye 100% kuchaja patembiricha yakakwirisa-unorasikirwa nezvikamu zvakawanda pagore pasina chausingaite. 40% SOC patembiricha yekamuri ndiyo yakakwana yekuchengetedza asi zviri pachena kuti haishande pamotokari yaunoshandisa.
Grid storage imhuka yakasiyana zvachose. Unoda 20+ gore rehupenyu hwese zvinoreva kuti 7000+ macycles mashoma, pamwe gumi,000+ kana uchiita mapeeceini akawanda zuva nezuva. Asi iwe unogona kushivirira yakaderera simba density uye une nzvimbo yakawanda yekudziya kwekutonga. Economics inoshanda zvakasiyana-CAPEX inonyanya kukosha kune OPEX paunenge uchibhadhara makumi emakore.
Handizivi zvakakwana nezvemhando itsva dzebhatiri kutaura zvakawanda zvinobatsira. Lithium-sarufa ine hupenyu hunotyisa nekuda kwepolysulfide shuttle, kunyange mamwe makambani achiti akazvigadzirisa. Lithium-metal anodes akabatanidzwa nemagetsi akasimba anogona kunge ari nzira yekuenda mberi asi dambudziko redendrite harina kupera. Uye kunyangwe zvinhu zvacho zvikashanda, kukwidza kugadzira chero chinhu chitsva kunotora 5-makore gumi mashoma. Saka chero chinouya chinotevera, isu takanamatira ne lithium-ion mutsauko kweanenge mamwe makore gumi.
Handizivi zvakakwana nezvemhando itsva dzebhatiri kutaura zvakawanda zvinobatsira. Lithium-sarufa ine hupenyu hunotyisa nekuda kwepolysulfide shuttle, kunyange mamwe makambani achiti akazvigadzirisa. Lithium-metal anodes akabatanidzwa nemagetsi akasimba anogona kunge ari nzira yekuenda mberi asi dambudziko redendrite harina kupera. Uye kunyangwe zvinhu zvacho zvikashanda, kukwidza kugadzira chero chinhu chitsva kunotora 5-makore gumi mashoma. Saka chero chinouya chinotevera, isu takanamatira ne lithium-ion mutsauko kweanenge mamwe makore gumi.
Lithium polymer mabhatirigara pane imwe nzvimbo pakati-zviri nani pakurongedza pane maseru ecylindrical, hupenyu hwekutenderera hunofananidzwa neiyo standard lithium-ion kana ukachengeta tembiricha iine mwero. Yakanaka sarudzo yenzvimbo dzakamanikidzika asi hapana shanduko.
