Chii chinonzi Organic Solvents?

Organic solvents icarbon{{0}based liquid compounds inokwanisa kunyungudutsa kana kuparadzira zvimwe zvinhu pasina kuzvishandura nekemikari. Mishonga iyi ine kabhoni maatomu akabatanidzwa kune zvimwe zvinhu zvakaita sehydrogen, okisijeni, kana halogens, achizvisiyanisa kubva kune inorganic solvents semvura. Zvinopfuura mazana maviri akasiyana organic solvents aripo mumhuri dzakasiyana dzemakemikari, imwe neimwe ichishandira chaiyo maindasitiri uye ekutengesa maapplication anoenderana neayo mamorekuru uye chimiro chemuviri.

Iyo inotsanangudza hunhu hwe organic solvents iri mukuvakwa kwavo kwema molecular. Zvese zvinonyungudutsa zvine kabhoni{{1}kabhoni kana kabhoni{{2}mabhondi ehydrogen semusana wavo. Kabhoni{{4}yakagadzirwa nekabhoni iyi inovapa kugona kunyungudika kwakasiyana-siyana, kunyanya kune-zvinhu zvisiri polar uye zvisina simba zvepolar izvo mvura isingakwanise kunyungudika nemazvo.

Organic solvents anoratidza akati wandei akajairika emuviri zvimiro zvinoita kuti zvive zvakakosha mumaindasitiri. Zvizhinji zvinwiwa zvinoputika patembiricha yekamuri, zvichireva kuti zvinobuda nyore nyore. Mapoinzi avo ekubikira anowanzo kubva pazasi pe100 dhigirii kusvika kutenderedza 250 madhigirii, aine mapoinzi akaderera anoenderana nekusagadzikana kwepamusoro. Dielectric constant-chiyero chekugona kwe solvent kuderedza simba pakati pezvimedu zvinochajiswa-zvinosiyana zvakanyanya pakati pezvinonyungudutsa zveorganic, zvichikanganisa kugona kwazvo kunyungudutsa maaionic compounds selithium salt.

Viscosity inomiririra chimwe chinhu chakakosha. Yakaderera-zvinonyungudutsa viscosity zvinobvumira maion nemamorekuru kufamba zvakasununguka kuburikidza nemugadziriso, izvo zvinova zvakakosha mumaapplication akaita selithium bhatiri electrolytes apo ionic conductivity inosarudza kushanda. Kudyidzana pakati pedielectric kugara uye viscosity kazhinji kunoda kusanganisa zvinonyungudutsa nezvinopindirana zvivakwa kuti uwane mibairo yakakwana.

Hydrocarbon solvents zvinosanganisira maatomu ecarbon nehydrogen chete. Izvi zvisiri -zvinonyungudutsa mupolar zvinonyanya kunyungudutsa mafuta, wakisi, mafuta, uye magirizi.

Aliphatic hydrocarbonsinoratidzira yakatwasuka kana branched kabhoni cheni isina mhete dzinonhuhwirira. Mienzaniso yakajairika inosanganisira hexane, heptane, uye petroleum ether. Izvi zvinonyungudutsa zvine polarity yakadzika kwazvo, kushanduka kukuru, uye zvakagadzikana mumakemikari asi zvinopisa zvakanyanya. Maindasitiri anoashandisa kugadzira mafuta, kugadzira mishonga, kugadzira pendi, uye kugadzira anonamira.

Inonhuhwirira hydrocarbonsine zvindori zvebenzene muchimiro chazvo, zvichivapa zvinhu zvakasiyana. Benzene, toluene, uye xylene zvinomiririra zvinonyanya kuzivikanwa zvinonyungudutsa. Mishonga iyi ine pakati nepakati polarity, yakakwirira solvency simba pane aliphatic hydrocarbons, uye hunhu hwemunhuwi. Zvishandiso zvavo zvinotora kushandiswa kwemaindasitiri ekunyungudutsa mupendi, zvinonamira, ingi dzekudhinda, uye mashandiro ekubvisa mafuta. Zvisineyi, mahydrocarbon akati wandei anonhuhwirira ane njodzi pautano{{4}benzene inozivikanwa kenza, inoita kuti miganhu yekufumurwa inyatsogadziriswa.

Oxygenated solvents zvinosanganisira maatomu eokisijeni muchimiro chavo chemolecular, zvichigadzira hunhu hwepolar hunowedzera kugona kwavo kunyungudika.

Doroine hydroxyl (-OH) mapoka akanamirwa kumaketani ecarbon. Methanol, ethanol, isopropanol, uye butanol zvinoshandiswa zvakanyanya mumaindasitiri. Doro rinokwanisa kunyungutsa zvese zviri zviviri,-zvisiri polar zvinhu, zvichiita kuti zvinyungudise zvakasiyana-siyana. Ethanol inoshanda sechinhu chakakosha mumishonga yemishonga, cosmetics, pefiyumu, uye sanitizers. Zvishandiso zvemaindasitiri zvinosanganisira kushandiswa sechinhu chekuchenesa uye mumakemikari synthesis.

Ketonesine boka recarbonyl (C=O) rakasungirirwa kumaatomu maviri ecarbon. Acetone uye methyl ethyl ketone (MEK) inotungamira chikamu ichi. Ketones ane polar zvakanyanya, ane zvakanakisa solvency, uye anoputika nekukurumidza. Acetone inoonekwa mune zvipikiri zvekubvisa zvipikiri, pendi dzakapfava, uye sechinhu chekuchenesa mukugadzira zvemagetsi. Mumarabhoritari, ketoni inoshanda seyakajairwa kuita zvinonyungudutsa.

Estersfomu kuburikidza nekuita pakati peasidhi nemadoro. Ethyl acetate uye methyl acetate inowanzo shandiswa esters. Izvi zvinonyungudutsa zvine kunhuhwirira kwakanaka kwemuchero, kunyungudutsa kwakanaka kweresin nemapolymers, uye pakati nepakati polarity. Indasitiri yekupfekedza inoshandisa esters zvakanyanya mupendi nemavarnish. Maindasitiri ezvekudya anoshandisa mamwe maester seanonhuhwirira. Ethyl acetate inoonekwa mune zvipikiri zvekubvisa zvipikiri uye seyedunhu bhodhi rekuchenesa.

Ethersine atomu yeokisijeni yakasungirirwa kumaketani maviri ekabhoni. Diethyl ether uye tetrahydrofuran (THF) inomiririra ether yakakosha mumarabhoritari uye mumaindasitiri. Ethers kazhinji ane yakaderera polarity uye yakakwirira kushanduka. Nepo diethyl ether yakamboshanda seanotindivadza, kupisa kwayo kwakanyanya kwakaganhurira kushandiswa kwayo. THF inoramba yakakurumbira mukugadzirwa kwepolymer uye seye laboratory reaction solvent.

Halogenated solvents zvinosanganisira halogen maatomu (chlorine, fluorine, bromine, kana iodine) muchimiro chavo. Izvi zvinonyungudutsa zvine simba rekunyungudutsa rakatanhamara rezvinhu zvinoramba zvimwe zvinonyungudutsa.

Chlorinated solventszvinosanganisira dichloromethane (methylene chloride), chloroform, carbon tetrachloride, uye trichlorethylene. Makomponi aya haabatike-yakakosha kuchengetedza-uye ane simba repamusoro rekugadzirisa. Metal degreasing operations, kubviswa kwependi, uye kucheneswa kwakaoma kwaiwanzotsamira pazvinonyungudutsa zvine chlorinated. Nekudaro, akawanda ma chlorinated solvents ane muchetura, aine mamwe anotsanangurwa secarcinogens kana njodzi dzekubereka. Carbon tetrachloride uye trichlorethylene inotarisana nekutemerwa zvirambidzo nekuda kwenjodzi dzehutano uye kuderera kwe ozone.

Fluorinated solventsvakawana kutariswa munguva pfupi yapfuura, kunyanya mumashandisirwo akasarudzika. Mishonga iyi inopa huturu hwakaderera pane dzimwe nzira dzeklorini muzviitiko zvakawanda uye dzinoratidza kugadzikana kwemakemikari. Indasitiri yemabhatiri yaratidza kufarira mafluorinated carbonates epamusoro-voltage lithium battery applications nekuda kwekusimba kwawo oxidation.

Carbonate solvents inotora chinzvimbo chakakosha nekuda kwebasa rayo rakakosha mukuchengetedza simba kwemazuva ano. Makomisheni aya ane boka recarbonate (−O−CO−O−) muchimiro chawo.

Cyclic carbonatessenge ethylene carbonate (EC) uye propylene carbonate (PC) ine yakakwirira dielectric constants asiwo yakakwirira viscosity. Ethylene carbonate, yakasimba pakupisa kwekamuri, inova mvura kana yakasanganiswa nezvimwe zvinonyungudutsa. Aya makomisheni anoumba akatsiga edziviriro mafirimu pamagetsi e electrode.

Linear carbonatessenge dimethyl carbonate (DMC), diethyl carbonate (DEC), uye ethyl methyl carbonate (EMC) ine yakaderera viscosity asiwo yakaderera dielectric constants. Iko kusanganiswa kwe cyclic uye linear carbonates inogadzira zvigadziriso zve electrolyte zvine zvimiro zvakaenzana.

Kunzwisisachii chinonzi lithium bhatiritekinoroji inoda kuziva basa rakakosha rezvinonyungudutsa zvinonyungudutsa mumagetsi aya ekuchengetedza simba. Lithium mabhatiri anoshandura simba remakemikari kuita simba remagetsi kuburikidza ne lithium ion kufamba pakati pemagetsi. Organic solvents inoumba hwaro hwemvura electrolyte inogonesa iyi ion kutakura.

Mu lithium bhatiri electrolytes, organic solvents inofanirwa kugutsa akawanda anodiwa zvinodiwa panguva imwe chete. Vanoda high dielectric constants yekunyungudutsa lithium salt selithium hexafluorophosphate (LiPF₆), asi yakaderera viscosity kubvumira kukurumidza ion kufamba. Anofanira kuramba akadzikama pamagetsi ebhatiri, kuramba kuparara pamagetsi ese ari maviri, uye achishanda nemazvo patembiricha yakakura.

Iyo yakajairika lithium bhatiri electrolyte ine yakasanganiswa organic solvents. Kuumbwa kwakajairwa kunobatanidza ethylene carbonate ne dimethyl carbonate kana diethyl carbonate mune yakatarwa ratios. Ethylene carbonate's high dielectric inogara ichinyungudutsa lithium munyu zvinobudirira uye inoita inodzivirira yakasimba electrolyte interphase (SEI) layer pane graphite anode. Iyi SEI layer inodzivirira kumwe kunyungudika kuparara uku ichibvumidza lithium ion ndima. Nekudaro, EC yakakwira kunyungudika (36 degree) inoda kusanganiswa nezvinonyungudutsa zvemvura seDMC kana DEC.

Propylene carbonate yakatanga ichivimbisa asi inoita kuti graphite ibude mumabhatiri e lithium-ekare. Vatsvagiri vanoichengetera mabhatiri vachishandisa mamwe anode zvinhu. Linear carbonates seDMC neDEC inoderedza kupenya kwe electrolyte, kunatsiridza mashandiro eionic uye kuderera-kuite tembiricha.

Yepamberi lithium bhatiri kusimudzira inotyaira organic solvent innovation. High{{1}voltage cathode zvinhu zvinoda zvinonyungudutsa zvine oxidation resistance. Fluorinated organic solvents yabuda sevanokwikwidza, ichipa kugadzikana pane zvinogoneka pamusoro pe4.5V kurwisa lithium. Izvi zvinonyungudutsa zvehunyanzvi zvinogonesa-mabhatiri echizvarwa ane simba rakawanda.

Zvinodiwa zvemhando yebhatiri-grade organic solvents zvakaomesesa. Kuchena kunofanirwa kudarika 99.9%, nehunyoro huri pasi pezvikamu gumi pamiriyoni. Kusvibiswa kwemvura kunokonzera lithium munyu hydrolysis, ichigadzira hydrofluoric acid inoshatisa zvikamu zvebhatiri uye inoderedza kushanda. Kusachena kunoderedza kugona kweoxidation uye kukanganisa kuchengetedzwa.

Kudzokorodza bhatiri kunopa mamwe matambudziko kune organic solvent manejimendi. Yakapera lithium mabhatiri ane akura maelectrolyte ane zvigadzirwa zvekuora. Kudhirowa kwakachengeteka uye kudzokorodza kana kuraswa kwakafanira kwezvinyungurutsira izvi zvinodzivirira kusvibiswa kwezvakatipoteredza uye kudzoreredza zvinhu zvakakosha.

Organic solvents inoonekwa munharaunda yese yeindasitiri, nekushandiswa kwepagore kwepasi kunodarika 28 miriyoni matani. Kugona kwavo kunyungudutsa, kumisa, kubvisa, kana kunyungudutsa zvimwe zvinhu pasina kukonzera shanduko yemakemikari kunoita kuti zvisadzorereke mumaitiro mazhinji.

Indasitiri yekunamira nependi inomiririra mutengi mukuru we organic solvents. Zvinonyungudutsa zvinonyungudutsa resins uye pigment, kudzora viscosity yekushandisa kwakakodzera, uye kuputika kusiya majasi eunifomu. Toluene, xylene, acetone, uye zvinwiwa zvakasiyana siyana zvinoshanda semapendi akapfava uye ekuchenesa michina yekupenda.

Kugadzirwa kwemishonga kunoenderana zvakanyanya nezvinonyungudutsa organic panguva yese yekugadzirwa kwezvinodhaka. Solvents inoshanda semhinduro midhiya yemakemikari synthesis, maajenti ekubvisa ekupatsanura anoshanda komisheni kubva kune zvakasikwa masosi, midhiya yekuchenesa mumakristalis maitiro, uye vatakuri mukugadzira. Ethanol, methanol, acetone, uye dichloromethane ndezvimwe zvezvinonyanya kushandiswa zvinonyungudutsa mishonga.

Iyo yekunamatira uye sealants chikamu chinoshandisa organic solvents kudzora kuenderana uye kugonesa application. Mushure mekushandisa, solvent evaporation inobvumira kunamira kugadzika. Zvinamira zvemaindasitiri, zvisimbiso zvekuvaka, uye maglues emumba ese anosanganisira organic solvents mukugadzira kwawo.

Kudhinda ingi kunoda zvinonyungudutsa kuti zvichengetedze mvura uye ive nechokwadi chekugovera pakadhinda. Nzira dzekuprinda dzakasiyana-offset, flexographic, gravure-shandisa masisitimu ezvinonyungudutsa akasiyana akakwenenzverwa kune zvavanoda. Mahydrocarboni anonhuhwirira uye esters anowanzo kuoneka mukudhinda inki maumbirwo.

Chemical synthesis mashandiro pazvikero zvese zvinoshandisa organic solvents se reaction media. Solvents inofambisa reactant kusanganiswa, inodzora maitiro ekushisa kuburikidza nekupisa kwavo kugona, uye inopesvedzera maitiro ekuita uye kusarudza. Vatsvagiri veLabhoritari uye zvidyarwa zvemakemikari emaindasitiri zvese zvinoenderana nekusarudza masolvents akakodzera ekubudirira shanduko yemakemikari.

Indasitiri yemagetsi inoshandisa organic solvents yekuchenesa mabhodhi edunhu, kubvisa masara emvura, uye zvinhu zvinobvisa mafuta. Kucheneswa kwakachena kunoda zvinonyungudutsa zvinonyunguduka zvachose pasina kusiya zvisaririra. Isopropanol uye specialized fluorinated solvents inoshumira maapplication aya.

Kuchengeta pachedu uye zvekuzora zvinosanganisira organic solvents mupefiyumu, nail polish, nail polish removers, uye akasiyana maitiro ekugadzira. Ethanol uye ethyl acetate inowanzoitika mune izvi zvigadzirwa zvevatengi.

Dry yekuchenesa mashandiro echinyakare aivimba neorganic solvents, kunyanya perchlorethylene (tetrachlorethylene), kuchenesa machira akapfava pasina mvura. Zvemamiriro ekunze uye hutano zvakakonzera kuvandudzwa kwezvimwe zvinonyungudutsa zvekushandisa uku.

Organic Solvents

Organic solvents inoisa njodzi dzehutano dzakawanda zvichienderana nekuumbwa kwavo kwemakemikari, kusungirira, nguva yekuratidzwa, uye nzira yekuratidzwa. Mamiriyoni evashandi pasi rese akatarisana nekufumurwa kwezvinonyungudutsa munzvimbo dzavo dzebasa.

Acute exposure effectskunyanya zvinosanganisira central nervous system depression. Kuratidzwa-kwenguva diki{2}}kunokonzera zviratidzo kubva kumusoro, dzungu, uye musoro wakajeka kusvika pakuvhiringika, kutadza kuwirirana, kufenda, pfari, uye kufa. Kushatirwa kweziso, mhino, uye huro zvinowanzoitika kana paine mhepo inonyungudutsa. Izvi zvinokonzeresa nekukurumidza kana kuratidzwa kwapera, asi zvinogadzira njodzi dzekuchengetedza nekukurumidza nekukanganisa kutonga uye nguva yekuita.

Kuratidzwa kwenguva refukune organic solvents pamusoro pemwedzi kana makore zvinotungamira kune zvakakomba mhedzisiro yehutano. Kuratidzwa kwenguva refu kunokuvadza maorgan akawanda masisitimu:

Iyo tsinga dzetsinga dzinoratidza kusazvibata. Chronic solvent neurotoxicity inoratidzira sekusaziva, matambudziko ekurangarira, kushanduka kwehunhu, uye kuderera kwekubatana. Zvimwe zvinonyungudutsa-n-hexane, toluene, uye styrene-zvakasimbiswa neurotoxin. Mamiriro acho anogona kushanduka zvishoma nekumira, asi nyaya dzakakomba dzinokonzera kukuvara zvachose.

Mazhinji organic solvents anosimbiswa vanhu carcinogens. Benzene inokonzera leukemia uye kusagadzikana kweropa. Formaldehyde inowedzera njodzi dzekenza yenasopharyngeal uye leukemia. Trichlorethylene uye kabhoni tetrachloride zvakare inotakura carcinogenic classifications.

Migumisiro yehutano hwekubereka yakanyorwa kune zvakawanda zvinonyungudutsa . 2-ethoxyethanol uye 2-methoxyethanol zvinokuvadza mbereko muvarume nevakadzi. Vakadzi vane pamuviri vari kuratidzirwa kumazinga akakwirira ekunyungudutsa vanotarisana nenjodzi dzakawedzerwa dzekubva pamuviri, kuremara pakuberekwa, uye vana vanoberekwa vane uremu hushoma.

Kukuvadzwa kwechiropa neitsvo kunokonzerwa nekugara uchisangana nezvinonyungudutsa zvakawanda. Nhengo idzi dzinogaya zvinonyungudutsa, zvichiita kuti dzisagone kunyungudika-zvinokonzeresa huturu. Chlorinated solvents inonyanya kukanganisa kushanda kwechiropa.

Dermatological madhara inowanzoitika pakati pevashandi vanobata zvinonyungudutsa. Solvents inobvisa mafuta echisikigo kubva paganda, zvichikonzera kuoma, kuputika, uye dermatitis. Zvimwe zvinonyungudutsa zvinopinda muganda rakasimba zvopinda muropa, zvichiita kuti pave nenzira inobuda kunze kwekufema.

Exposure nzirasarudza kuoma uye rudzi rwehutano hwehutano. Kufema kunomiririra nzira yekutanga yekuratidzwa yezvinonyungudutsa zveorganic solvents. Solvent vapors inopinda mumapapu uye inokurumidza kupararira nemuviri wese kuburikidza neropa. Dermal absorption inoitika kana zvinonyungudutsa mvura zvichibata ganda kana vashandi pavanonyudza maoko avo mumabhavhu ekunyungudutsa. Kumedza, kunyangwe kushoma, kunoitika kuburikidza nemaoko ane utachiona achibata chikafu kana midziyo yekunwira.

Moto uye njodzi dzekuputikadzinounza njodzi dzinokurumidza kuitika. Mazhinji organic solvents anopisa zvakanyanya ane yakaderera flashpoints. Mhepo-musanganiswa wemhepo mukati mechikamu chinobatidza moto unogona kubatidza kubva kumagetsi asingachinji, maspark, marimi akavhurika, kana panopisa. Kuchengetera kwakaringana kunoda midziyo yekugadzika kudzivirira kubuda kwakamira. Midziyo yemagetsi munzvimbo dzekushandisa zvinorema zvinonyungudutsa zvinofanirwa kuve zvakachengeteka mukati. Mvumo yekushanda uye kunyatsofefetera zvinosungirwa pasati paitwa chero "basa rinopisa" munzvimbo dzekushandisa zvinonyungudutsa{6}.

Regulatory exposure limitskubatsira kuchengetedza vashandi. Iyo Occupational Safety and Health Administration (OSHA) inogadza Inobvumirwa Kufumurwa Miganho (PELs) yezvizhinji zvinonyungudutsa. National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health (NIOSH) inoburitsa Inokurudzirwa Kufumurwa Miganho (RELs). Iyo American Musangano weHurumende Industrial Hygienists (ACGIH) inogadzira Threshold Limit Values (TLVs). Miganho iyi inotsanangura huwandu hwemashifiti ekushanda nemhepo ari pakati pemashifiti emaawa masere-.

Matanho ekudzivirirainofanira kushandiswa pose panoshandiswa organic solvents:

Injiniya inodzora inopa mutsara wekutanga wekudzivirira. Kufefetera kwakakwana kunobvisa mhute inonyungudutsa panzvimbo yazvo. Masisitimu eposvo emuno, mahodhi ehutsi, uye nzvimbo dzekuchengetera mhepo inofefetera zvinoderedza kuwanda kwemhepo. Yakavharwa masisitimu anoderedza kusunungurwa kwe solvent.

Zvishandiso zvekuzvidzivirira nazvo (PPE) zvinosanganisira makemikari-magirovhosi asingachinjiki anosarudzirwa zvinonyungudutsa, magirazi ekudzivirira kana magirazi, zvinofema kana mhepo isingakwani, uye zvipfeko zvinodzivirira. Kusarudza magirovhosi kunoda kutarisisa-mhuri dzakasiyana dzezvinonyungudutsa dzinopinda mumagirovhosi akasiyana.

Kudzora kwekutonga kunosanganisira maitiro akakodzera ebasa. Vashandi vanofanira kushandisa zvimedu zvinonyungudutsa zvishoma, kuchengeta midziyo yakavharwa kana isiri kushandiswa, kudzivisa kugeza maoko nezvinonyungudutsa, kuchinja nekukasika-mbatya dzine utachiona, uye kuwana dzidziso yenguva dzose pamusoro pemabatiro akachengeteka.

Traditional petroleum{{0}based organic solvents inobatsira zvakanyanya kumatambudziko ezvakatipoteredza. Kusagadzikana kwadzo kwepamusoro kunotungamira kuhutsi hwakakura hwemuchadenga. Volatile organic compounds (VOCs) anobuditswa kubva muzvinonyungudutsa anotora chikamu mukugadzirwa kwefotochemical smog uye anobatsira mukusvibisa -level ozone. Muna 2017, organic solvents yakaiswa pakati peakanyanya vhoriyamu kemikari inoburitswa mumhepo inoteverwa neUS Environmental Protection Agency.

Kurasa kusina kunaka kunosvibisa ivhu nemvura yepasi. Mazhinji organic solvents anoramba biodegradation, achiramba ari mumhepo kwenguva yakareba. Zvipenyu zvemumvura zvinonyanya kukuvadzwa kana mvura ine tsvina-ichipinda munzizi, munzizi, kana mumadhamu. Mafuta epetroleum{{4}mabviro ezvinonyungudutsa zvinokonzeresa zvinokonzeresa kuenderera mberi zvichipihwa zviwanikwa zvisingaperi.

Kudzvinyirira kwemitemo kwakawedzera mumakore achangopfuura. European Union's VOC Directive inoganhura kuburitswa kwemhepo. Iyo US Environmental Protection Agency inoisa zviyero zvakasimba zvekushandisa solvent, kuchengetedza, uye kurasa. Matunhu mazhinji anorambidza kana kurambidza zvakanyanya zvinonyungudutsa zvine njodzi secarbon tetrachloride uye mamwe makomisheni ane chlorine.

Green chemistry nheyo dzakafambisa kuvandudzwa kwemamwe masolvents ane kuderedzwa kwezvakatipoteredza uye hutano kukanganisa. Bio-based solvents inotorwa kubva kune zvinogonesa kudzoreredzwa feedstocks inopa nzira imwe inovimbisa.

Ethanolkubva kuchibage, nzimbe, kana zvimwe zvinorimwa zvinomiririra bio inonyanya kushandiswa-based solvent. Zvivakwa zvaro zviripo, kujairana, uye zvine hunyoro chimiro zvinoita kuti inakidze kune akawanda maapplication. Bio-ethanol yakafanana nekemikari nepetroleum-inotorwa ethanol asi inobva kune zvinobatikazve.

Ethyl lactate, inogadzirwa kubva mukugadzirwa kwechibage, inoshanda seimwe nzira yakachengeteka kune ethyl acetate uye acetone. Iyi bio{{1}based ester inoshanda nemazvo pakuchenesa simbi, kubvisa pendi, uye sechinhu chinonyungudutsa. Iyo biodegradability uye yakaderera toxicity inokodzera maapplication uko kushingirira kwezvakatipoteredza kunounza zvinonetsa.

2-Methyltetrahydrofuran (2-MeTHF), inotorwa kubva kuchibage uye nzimbe bagasse, inopa imwe yakasvibirira kune dichloromethane uye yakajairika tetrahydrofuran. Iyi cyclic ether yakawana maapplication mupharmaceutical synthesis uye polymer kugadzirwa.

Cyrene (dihydrolevoglucosenone)inomiririra hutsva huchangobva kuitika mune zvinonyungudutsa zvegirini. Yakagadzirwa kubva mumarara ecellulose kuburikidza neinenge simba-risina kwayakarerekera, Cyrene inopa muchetura wakaderera uye inogona kutsiva dimethylformamide (DMF) neN-methyl-2-pyrrolidone (NMP) mune zvakawanda zvinoshandiswa. Yakaratidza kushanda mukugadzira graphene uye kabhoni muchinjika-wekubatanidza maitiro. Cyrene yakagamuchira kucherechedzwa kuburikidza neakawanda mibairo yekuvandudza kwayo uye kusimudzira hunhu.

Natural Deep Eutectic Solvents (NADESs)kuumba kirasi inobuda yezvinonyungudutsa zvakasvibirira zvakaumbwa nekubatanidza masikirwo emhando secholine chloride, urea, glycerol, uye organic acids. Iyi eutectic musanganiswa inoramba iri mvura pane tembiricha yekamuri kunyangwe zvayo yakasimba zvikamu. NADES inopa yakaderera chepfu, biodegradability, uye kugona kunyungudutsa zvinhu zvakasiyana. Zvishandiso zvavo zvinosanganisira kubviswa kweiyo bioactive komisheni kubva muzvirimwa, mishonga synthesis, uye analytical chemistry.

The bio{{0}based solvents market yakura zvakanyanya, nekufungidzira kuri kuratidza kuenderera mberi. Allied Market Research inofungidzira kuti musika wegreen uye bio{{2}based solvents musika uchanyoresa mwero wepagore wekukura we4.3% pakati pa2014 na2020. Kudiwa kwevatengi kwezvigadzirwa zvine chekuita nenharaunda, pamwe nezvinodiwa nemutemo, zvinofambisa kukura uku.

Zvisinei, zvinonyungudutsa zvakasvibira zvinosangana nematambudziko. Ivo havasati vagona kutsiva zvakajairwa zvinonyungudutsa mune zvese zvinoshandiswa nekuda kwekutadza kuita kana mutengo wakakwira. Mamwe ma bio-anobva ku feedstocks anokwikwidzana nekugadzirwa kwechikafu, zvichimutsa mibvunzo yekusagadzikana. Hupenyu{{4}kuongororwa kwezvinonyungudutsa zvakasvibirira zvinofanirwa kutarisisa magadzirirwo azvo ese, kusanganisira zvekurima, simba rekugadzira, uye zvekufambisa.

Hapana solvent inonyatso "green" mumamiriro ese ezvinhu. Imwe neimwe inofanira kuongororwa mukati mekushanda kwayo, tichitarisa nzira dzekugadzira, zvingangoitwa patsva, kupera{-kwe-kurasa upenyu, uye kushanda zvakanaka kwese. Chinangwa hachizi chimwe chepasi rose chakasvibira chinonyungudutsa asi kuti chakasiyana-siyana chekushandisa chakachengeteka chinofananidzwa kune akasiyana maapplication.

Kusarudza iyo chaiyo organic solvent kune imwe application kunoda kuenzanisa zvinhu zvakawanda. Solvent madhairekitori ekusarudza akagadzirwa kubatsira makemikari uye mainjiniya kuita sarudzo dzine ruzivo.

Solubility parameterskufanotaura kana mushonga unonyungudutsa chimwe chinhu. Chirevo chekuti "sezvinonyungudika se" chinopa pekutangira-zvinonyungudutsa zvinonyungudutsa zvinonyungudutsa zvinonyungudutsa, nepo zvisinga -zvinonyungudutsa{3}}zvisiri zvinonyungudutsa. Hansen solubility parameters inopa yakaomesesa matatu-dimensional maitiro, kutyora polarity kuita dispersion forces, polar interactions, uye hydrogen bonding zvikamu.

Maitiro ekufungamumakemikari synthesis anosanganisira solvent mhedzisiro pane reaction rate, selectivity, uye goho. Solvent polarity inokanganisa maitiro ekuita. Protic solvents (avo vane hydrogen bonding capability) vanoita zvakasiyana neaprotic solvents (avo vasina) mukuita kwakawanda. Tembiricha inoda kusarudzwa-zvinoita kana tembiricha yakakwira inoda yakakwirira-zvinonyungudutsa zvinofashaira, ukuwo zvakaderera-zvinoita tembiricha zvinoda zvinonyungudutsa zvinoramba zvakaita mvura patembiricha iyoyo.

Downstream processinginokanganisa sarudzo ye solvent. Kana chigadzirwa chacho chichifanira kuparadzaniswa kubva kune solvent, kusununguka kwekuparadzanisa nyaya. Volatile solvents inobvumira kubuda nyore. Zvinonyungudutsa zvisingagoneki zvinogonesa mvura-kutorwa kwemvura. Mamwe maitiro anodzokorodza uye anoshandisa zvakare zvinonyungudutsa, zvichiita kuti kugadzikana uye nyore kucheneswa kuve kwakakosha.

Zvakatipoteredza, hutano, uye kuchengeteka (EHS) mbiriinorema zvakanyanya mukusarudzwa kwemazuva ano ekunyungudutsa. Zvishandiso senge CHEM21 solvent yekusarudza gwara zvinobatsira kuona dzimwe nzira dzakachengeteka. Aya madhairekitori anoisa zvinonyungudutsa mumapoka akati wandei: chengetedzo (kupisa, reactivity), hutano (acute toxicity, zvisingaperi zvinokonzeresa), nharaunda (kushingirira, muchetura wemvura), uye kuomerwa kwemarara.

Zvinhu zveupfumisanganisira mutengo wekunyungudutsa, unosiyana zvakanyanya, uye zvinodiwa zvezvivakwa. Specialized solvents ingangoda midziyo inodhura yekuchengeta kana kupora. Mari yekuteedzera mitemo-kubvumidza, kuongorora, kushuma-inowedzera kumutengo wakakwana wekushandisa zvimwe zvinonyungudutsa.

Mixed solvent systemskazhinji inopa kushanda kuri nani pane zvinonyungudutsa zvimwechete. Binary kana ternary musanganiswa unogona kusanganisa zvakanakira zvakasiyana-siyana zvinonyungudutsa uku uchideredza zvisingabatsiri. Lithium bhatiri electrolytes muenzaniso nzira iyi, kusanganisa zvinonyungudutsa kuwana zvose yakakwirira dielectric kugara uye yakaderera viscosity.

Organic solvent tekinoroji inoenderera mberi ichishanduka mukupindura kune zvinodiwa zvetekinoroji uye zvinodikanwa zvekusimudzira.

Solvent{0}yemahara maitiroinomiririra chinangwa chakanaka mumakemikari egirinhi. Pazvinogoneka, kubvisa zvinonyungudutsa zvinobvisa zvachose njodzi dzazvo nemitengo. Solid-maitikiro emamiriro ezvinhu, kuita zvakanaka (zvinoita zvinosanganiswa zvisina munyungudutsa), uye magadzirirwo emakemikari anofambisira mberi chinangwa ichi. Nekudaro, maapplication mazhinji achiri kuda zvinonyungudutsa kuti zviitwe.

Supercritical fluids, kunyanya supercritical carbon dioxide (scCO₂), ipa imwe nzira kune yakajairwa organic solvents. Pamusoro petembiricha yakaoma uye kudzvanywa kwayo, CO₂ inova mvura ine mvura-yakaita density asi gasi-kunge diffusivity. ScCO₂ inonyungutsa zvinhu zvakawanda zvisiri{4}polar, haiburitse zvisaririra zvine muchetura, uye inopatsanurwa zviri nyore nekuderedza kumanikidzwa. Iyo indasitiri yekofi inoshandisa scCO₂ ye decaffeination. Pharmaceutical extraction uye polymer processing zvakare inoshandisa supercritical fluid. Yakakwirira{{8}zvinodiwa zvekushandisa zvinomanikidza uye zvishoma zvinorambidza kutorwa kwakawanda.

Ionic zvinwiwainosanganisira maion anoramba ari mvura patembiricha yekamuri. Izvi zvinonyungudutsa zvekugadzira zvinogona kugadzirwa kuti zvishandiswe nekusarudza zvakakodzera cation-misanganiswa yeanion. Kudzvinyirira kwavo kwemhute kunodzivirira kubuda kwemhepo. Nekudaro, zvinwiwa zvakawanda zveionic zvine toxicology isingazivikanwe, synthesis yavo inogona kudhura, uye kudzokorodza kwadzo kunoda kuongororwa nyaya neimwe.

Computational solvent screeninginomhanyisa sarudzo yekunyungudutsa kuburikidza nemamolekyuli modhi uye kudzidza muchina. Kufanotaura zvinhu zvinonyungudutsa, zvinobuda, uye kukanganisa kwezvakatipoteredza kunoderedza muyedzo-uye-kukanganisa. Aya maturusi anobatsira kuona vanovimbisa vamiriri kubva munzvimbo dzakakura dzemakemikari.

Fluorinated solvents yemabhatiri epamusorogamuchira tsvakiridzo yakadzama. Anotevera-mabhatiri eLithium echizvarwa ane mavheti epamusoro uye simba remagetsi anoda zvinonyungudutsa zvakagadzikana pamusoro pe4.8V. Partially fluorinated carbonates uye ethers anoratidza vimbiso. Trifluoroethyl methyl carbonate nemamwe macompounds ane fluorinated anogonesa high{{5}voltage lithium{{6}rich cathodes uye lithium metal anodes.

Solvent recycling uye kuporamatekinoroji anovandudza kusimba. Distillation inopatsanura zvakasanganiswa zvinonyungudutsa zvichibva pakubikira poindi misiyano. Membrane kupatsanurwa, adsorption, uye advanced oxidation maitiro anodzoreredza uye anochenesa zvinonyungudutsa zvakashandiswa. Yakavharwa-loop masisitimu anoderedza kushandiswa kutsva kwe solvent uye kugadzira tsvina.

Iyo organic solvent indasitiri inotarisana nekunetsana kunoramba kuripo pakati pekuita zvinodiwa uye zvibodzwa zvekusimudzira. Mamwe maapplication anogona kusambowana akaringana akasvibira dzimwe nzira, zvinoda kuenderera mberi kushandiswa kwechinyakare zvinonyungudutsa pasi pehutongi hwakasimba. Mamwe maapplication achachinja kuenda kune bio{{2}based, less dangerous, or completely solvent-free approaches. Nzira yacho inonongedza kune zvakasiyana-siyana, kushandisa-specific solvent toolkit inoisa pamberi pekuchengetedza uye basa rezvakatipoteredza.

Tsvagiridzo yezvimiro-hukama hwezvivakwa inoenderera mberi ichiburitsa magadzirirwo emamolecular maitiro ezvinonyungudutsa. Ruzivo urwu runogonesa dhizaini inonzwisisika yezvinonyungudutsa zvitsva zvakagadziridzwa nekuda kwezvinangwa chaizvo. Iko kusanganiswa kwegirinhi kemisimboti kemisimboti, epamberi maitiro ekuita, uye maturusi ekombuta ari kugadziridza organic solvent tekinoroji yezana ramakore re21.

Organic Solvents

Organic solvent ine kabhoni maatomu sechikamu chechimiro chayo chemorekuru, anowanzo kusungirirwa kuhydrogen, okisijeni, nitrogen, kana halogen maatomu. Izvi zvinosiyanisa organic solvents kubva kune inorganic solvents semvura (H₂O) kana liquid ammonia inoshaya kabhoni. Iyo kabhoni{{2}yakavakirwa chimiro inopa organic zvinonyungudutsa kugona kwavo kunyungudutsa mamwe maorganic compounds.

Haasi ese organic solvents ane the same toxicity level. Toxicity inosiyana zvakanyanya zvichibva pane chimiro chemakemikari. Ethanol inoratidza kuderera kwehuturu uye inowanikwa muzvinwiwa nemishonga. Mukupesana, benzene ine muchetura uye carcinogenic. Carbon tetrachloride inokonzera kukanganisa kwakanyanya kwechiropa. Yese inonyungudutsa inoda kuongororwa kwega kwengozi yehutano hwayo kuburikidza nekuchengetedza data mapepa uye nhungamiro yekudzora.

Hongu, akawanda organic solvents anogona kudzokororwa kuburikidza nedistillation, iyo inoparadzanisa zvikamu zvinoenderana neakasiyana ekubikira. Maindasitiri emakemikari anogara achidzora uye kushandisa zvakare zvinonyungudutsa kuderedza mutengo uye kukanganisa kwezvakatipoteredza. Iko kugona kwekudzokorodza kunoenderana nerudzi rwe solvent, kuchena zvinodiwa, uye nhanho yekusvibiswa. Mamwe maapplication anoda zvinonyungudutsa mhandara asi vamwe vachigamuchira zvakadzokororwa.

Lithium mabhatiri anoda organic solvents nekuti lithium inobata zvine chisimba nemvura, zvichiita kuti aqueous electrolytes isagone. Organic carbonate solvents inonyungudutsa lithium munyu ichiramba yakagadzikana pabhatiri remagetsi. Vanoumbawo mafirimu ekudzivirira pamusoro pema electrode anodzivirira kuwedzera kuora. Iyo chaiyo musanganiswa we ethylene carbonate ine mutsara carbonates inopa yakakwana chiyero cheionic conductivity uye electrode kudzivirira.

Organic solvents icarbon{{0}based liquids yakakosha mumaindasitiri kubva kumishonga kusvika kune yemagetsi, ine zvinodarika 200 zvinosanganiswa zvakasiyana-siyana zvinoshandisa mishonga yakasiyana.

Njodzi dzehutano nekuchengetedzwa dzinosiyana zvakanyanya pakati pezvinonyungudutsa zveorganic, kubva paine benign ethanol kuenda kucarcinogenic benzene, zvinoda kutariswa zvakanyanya uye midziyo yekudzivirira yakakodzera.

Lithium bhatiri tekinoroji inotsamira zvakanyanya pane organic carbonate zvinonyungudutsa zvinonyungudutsa lithium munyu, kuita maion pakati pemaelectrode, uye kugadzira mafirimu anodzivirira anogonesa hupenyu hurefu hwebhatiri.

Mishonga yegirini inosanganisira bio{{0}based solvents, natural deep eutectic solvents, nefluorinated compounds zviri kuramba zvichitsiva hazardous petroleum-derived solvents

Sarudzo yekunyungudutsa kunoda kuenzanisa zvinhu zvakawanda zvinosanganisira simba rekunyungudutsa, chimiro chekuchengetedza, kukanganisa kwezvakatipoteredza, mutengo, uye mashandisirwo-zvakanangana nekuita zvinodiwa.