Chii chinonzi Lithium Rechargeable?

Lithium rechargeable zvinoreva mabhatiri anoshandisa tekinoroji yelithium-ion kuchengeta uye kuburitsa simba remagetsi kuburikidza nekudzokororwa kuchaja uye kubuda. Mabhatiri aya anofambisa maioni elithium pakati pemaelectrode maviri-kazhinji graphite anode uye metal oxide cathode{3}}achibvumira kuchajwazve kamazana kusvika kuzviuru.

Izwi rekuti "lithium bhatiri" rinosanganisira zvikamu zviviri zvakasiyana zvine hunyanzvi hwakasiyana. Mabhatiri eLithium ekutanga ane simba rimwe chete-anoshandisa magetsi akagadzirirwa midziyo inoda nguva yakareba-kubuda kwemagetsi. Iwe unozowana izvi muhutsi hunoona, pacemaker, uye mamwe maremote control. Kana dzapera, dzinofanira kuraswa dzotsiviwa.

Mabhatiri elithium anochajwa, anonzi lithium-ion kana Li-mabhatiri eion, anomiririra tekinoroji yakasiyana zvachose. Musiyano wakakosha uri mukudzoreredzwa kwemaitiro avo emakemikari. Pauno plug mufoni yako kana laptop kuchaja, lithium ions inotama kubva pacathode ichidzokera kune anode, ichichengeta simba rekushandisa gare gare. Iyi bidirectional ion inoyerera inosiyanisa rechargeable lithium tekinoroji kubva kune ayo anoraswa.

Haasi ese maturusi anoshandisa lithium simba anogona kugamuchira mabhatiri anochajwa. Mamiriro emagetsi anosiyana pakati pemhando mbiri-masero erithium ekutanga anowanzo unza 3.0V, ukuwo maion cells anochajwa-anopa 3.6-3.7V. Uyu musiyano wevoltage unoreva kuti haugone kungochinjanisa imwe mhando kune imwe pasina kutarisa kuenderana kwemudziyo.

Lithium Rechargeable

Mukati mese rechargeable lithium bhatiri inogara yakanyatso gadziridzwa sisitimu yezvikamu zvina zvakakosha zvinoshanda mukonti. Iyo anode, kazhinji inovakwa kubva kugraphite, inoshanda seyakaipa electrode. Iyo cathode-iyo positive electrode-inoshandisa zvinhu zvakaita selithium cobalt oxide (LCO), lithium iron phosphate (LFP), kana lithium nickel manganese cobalt oxide (NMC). Pakati pema electrode aya panoyerera mvura ye electrolyte ine lithium salt, uye porous separator inodzivirira kuonana kwakananga pakati peanode uye cathode uku ichibvumira ion passage.

Panguva yekubuda, lithium ions inosiya anode uye inofamba kuburikidza ne electrolyte kusvika kune cathode. Panguva imwe chete, maerekitironi anoyerera nepadunhu remudziyo wako, achiunza simba remagetsi raunoda. Iyo inoparadzanisa inomanikidza maerekitironi kutora nzira refu kuburikidza nemudziyo wako pane kugadzira ine njodzi pfupi sedunhu.

Recharging inodzosera iyi nzira yese. Kana ukabatanidza charger, magetsi anosunda lithium ions kubva pacathode kudzokera kune anode. Ioni dzinodzokera kunzvimbo dzadzo dzekutanga, dzakagadzirira kutenderera kunotevera. Uku kupindirana kunodzorereka uku-izwi rehunyanzvi rekuti maion anozvipinza ega pakati pemaelectrode layers-anogonesa kuchajwa zvakare kunotsanangura mabhatiri aya.

Iyo Battery Management System (BMS) inoita sehuropi hwebhatiri panguva iyi. Iyi yemagetsi control unit inoramba ichitarisa cell voltage, tembiricha, uye kuyerera kwazvino. Inodzivirira kuwandisa nekubvisa cheji yekuchaja kana maseru asvika 4.2V (iyo yakajairwa yakawanda yelithium-ion chemistry). Inodzivirirawo kubva ku-kubuda, izvo zvinogona kukanganisa zvachose bhatiri nekukonzera kunyungudika kwemhangura kubva kune vanounganidza ikozvino.

Rechargeable lithium tekinoroji haisi monolithic-makemesitiri akati wandei anoshanda akasiyana zvichienderana nemaitiro awo chaiwo.

Lithium Cobalt Oxide (LCO)mabhatiri aitonga zvemagetsi ekutanga anotakurika uye achiri simba mazhinji ma smartphones nemalaptops. Vanopa simba remagetsi rinosvika 200-260 Wh/kg, zvichiita kuti zvive zvakanakisa pakushandisa-kunzwa kurema. Nekudaro, iwo haana kugadzikana zvishoma pane dzimwe nzira uye anowanzo kuunza 500-1000 yekuchaja kutenderera.

Lithium Iron Phosphate (LFP)mabhatiri anopira imwe simba density (100-180 Wh/kg) kuitira kuchengetedzeka kunoshamisa uye hupenyu hurefu. Yavo yakagadzika kristaro chimiro chinopokana nekupisa kwemhepo, uye vanogara vachiwana 2000-5000 mitsetse vasati vadzikisira kusvika ku80% kugona. Mota dzemagetsi uye kuchengetedzwa kwesimba kwakamira kuri kuwedzera kufarira chemistry iyi kunyangwe yakaderera voltage (3.2V zita rinopesana ne3.7V yeLCO).

Lithium Polymer (LiPo)mabhatiri anoshandisa gel-senge kana kuti solid polymer electrolyte pachinzvimbo chemvura. Izvi zvinobvumira kurongedza kuchinjika mumapochi matete anowirirana nechimiro chemudziyo. Unozviwana mumafoni emafoni, matablet, neredhiyo-dzinodzorwa mota dzine huremu hwakakosha. Ivo vanowanzopa 1000-2000 cycles.

Nickel Manganese Cobalt (NMC)mabhatiri ane simba density yesimba (150-220 Wh/kg), kugona kwemagetsi, uye hupenyu (1000-2000 cycles). Uku kuita kwakasiyana-siyana kunoita kuti vazivikanwe mumotokari dzemagetsi, uko vagadziri vanogona kumhanyisa nickel-manganese-cobalt reshiyo yekuisa pamberi pesimba resimba kana kubuda kwemagetsi zvichienderana nezvinodiwa zvekugadzira mota.

Kunzwisisa izvo zvinotemesa rechargeable lithium bhatiri hupenyu hunoda kutarisa kupfuura nyore kutenderera kuverenga kuti mabhatiri anoshandiswa sei chaizvo.

Kutenderera kwechaji kunoitika kana ukashandisa 100% yehuwandu hwebhatiri, asi zvisingaite mukubuda kumwe kunoenderera. Kushandisa 50% zuva rimwe uye 50% rinotevera rinoverenga senge rakazara kutenderera. Mabhatiri emhando yepamusoro{{5}ecylindrical cell-rudzi rwakaita semabhatiri eAA asi akakurisa-anogona kuunza 3000-5000 mabhatiri asati adzikira kusvika pa80% epakutanga. Maseru ePrismatic (flat, rectangular) anowanzo gadzirisa 1000-2000 cycles, nepo pouch-style lithium polymer mabhatiri anowanzodonha mapfupi.

Nhamba idzi dzinotora nzira dzekuchaja dzakakodzera. Kuchovha bhasikoro-kuchaja kusati kwapera{2}}kunowedzera hupenyu hwebhatiri kana zvichienzaniswa nekungobudazve. Mabhatiri eLithium emazuva ano haatamburi ne "memory effect" yatambudza mabhatiri ekare enickel-cadmium, saka unokwanisa kuchaja chero nguva pasina chirango chekushanda.

Tembiricha inokanganisa zvakanyanya kushanda kwazvino uye hutano hwenguva refu-. Kushanda pa40℃(104℃F) pachinzvimbo che20℃(68℃F) kunogona kuderedza hupenyu hwese ne40%. Kutonhora hakukonzeri kukuvadzwa zvachose asi kunoderedza kwenguva inokwana-bhatiri rinounza simba rakazara pa20℃rinongopa 70% pa -10℃(14 degrees F).

Mamiriro ekuchengetedza ane basa zvakare. Bhatiri rakachajiswa zvizere rinochengetwa pazera rekushisa kwepamusoro nekukurumidza. Nekuchengetedza-kwenguva refu, vagadziri vanokurudzira kuchaja kusvika 40-50% kugona uye kuchengeta mabhatiri munzvimbo inotonhorera. Bhatiri rakachengetwa pa25℃(77℃F) pa40% charge rinogona kuchengetedza 96% kugona mushure megore, nepo rakachengetwa rakachajiswa pa40℃(104℃F) rinogona kurasikirwa ne35% panguva imwe cheteyo.

Rechargeable lithium mabhatiri ane simba risinganzwisisike siyana tekinoroji yemazuva ano, imwe neimwe application inosimudzira hunhu hwetekinoroji.

Consumer Electronics-MaSmartphone, malaptop, matablet, uye maearbud asina waya zvese zvinoenderana nekuwanda kwesimba rinopihwa nelithium tekinoroji. Iyo yemazuva ano smartphone bhatiri inorongedza 10-15 Wh munzvimbo diki pane kiredhiti kadhi, chimwe chinhu chisingagoneke nevekare bhatiri chemistries. Zvishandiso izvi zvinowanzo shandisa LCO kana NMC chemistry yenguva yekumhanya munzvimbo shoma.

Motokari dzeMagetsi-Indasitiri yemotokari yatambira mabhatiri e-lithium, uye kudiwa kwebhatiri reEV pasi rose kunodarika terawatt imwe-awa pagore kubva muna 2024. MaEV mazhinji anoshandisa mabhatiri eNMC kana eLFP. NMC inopa yakakwira simba density yehurefu hwakareba, nepo LFP ichipa zvirinani chengetedzo miganho uye hurefu hwekarenda hupenyu. Mabhatiri emagetsi emotokari dzemagetsi ane zviuru zvemasero ega ega anoshanda pamwechete kuchengetedza 50-100 kWh yesimba.

Power Tools-Zvibhorani zvisina matambo, masaha, nezvimwe midziyo yemagetsi zvakachinja kubva munickel-cadmium kuenda kuLithium tekinoroji mumakore gumi nemashanu apfuura. Iwo magetsi epamusoro (18V kana 20V masisitimu achipikisa. 12V yeNiCd) uye kuwanda kwemagetsi zvinoita kuti -giredhi ishande zvehunyanzvi pasina tambo. Maapplications aya mabhatiri anodhirowa zvakanyanya, saka vanogadzira vanoshandisa NMC kana yakakwirira-vanoburitsa LFP chemistry.

Energy Storage Systems-Kuiswa kwesolar uye grid{1}}chikero chekuchengetedza chiri kuramba chichitsamira pamabhatiri e-lithium kuti agadzirise simba rinodzokororwa nguva nenguva. Masisitimu ekugara anowanzo shandisa LFP chemistry, achiisa pamberi pekuchengetedza uye hupenyu hurefu pamusoro pehuwandu hwesimba. Kubva muna 2023, mabhatiri elithium-akatora chikamu chinodarika 80% che190+ gigawatt-maawa ekuchengetedza mabhatiri akashandiswa pasi rose.

Mishonga Yezvokurapa-Midziyo inobatika semapacemaker nemapombi einsulin zvinoda mabhatiri akavimbika uye anogara kwenguva refu-. Vamwe vanoshandisa maprimary lithium cells akatemerwa 10+ makore, ukuwo midziyo inotakurika yekunze ichiwedzera kushandisa rechargeable lithium kuitira kuti murwere aite zviri nyore uye kubatsira kwezvakatipoteredza.

Lithium Rechargeable

Kuchaja nemabhatiri e-lithium zvakanaka kunoda kunzwisisa iwo chaiwo voltage uye zvazvino zvinodiwa, izvo zvinosiyana zvakanyanya kubva kune mamwe marudzi ebhatiri.

Lithium-kemesitiri yeion inoda kuchaja kusvika pa4.2V pasero nemagetsi chaiwo. Kuchaja kwacho kunotevera-matanho maviri: kuchaja nguva dzose-ikozvino (CC) kunoburitsa zvinogara zvakadaro kusvika maseru asvika 4.2V, kozoti pese pese-voltage (CV) kuchaja kunoita kuti voltage irambe iripo asi iripo ichidzikira zvishoma nezvishoma. Kuchaja kunopera kana ikozvino yadonha kusvika pa3-5% yehukuru hwebhatiri.

Haukwanise zvachose kushandisa majaja akagadzirirwa mamwe marudzi ebhatiri. Lead{{1}majaja easidhi anoisa mavhiri emagetsi akakwira anoparadza mabhatiri elithium. Saizvozvo, nickel-cadmium kana nickel-metal hydride charger inoshandisa voltage profiles isingaenderane nelithium chemistry. Gara uchishandisa bhatiri rakagadzirirwa lithium-mabhatiri eion, rinoenderana nekemikari yebhatiri rako.

Kukurumidza kuchaja masimba kwakavandudzika zvakanyanya. Nepo mabhatiri eLithium ekutanga achida maawa matatu-4 kuchaja, maseru emazuva ano ane magadzirirwo emagetsi akakwenenzverwa anogona kubvuma mitengo yekuchaja kusvika pa1C (kamwe kamwechete paawa) kana kupfuura. Mamwe mabhatiri emotokari emagetsi ava kukwanisa kuchaja 350kW DC, achiwedzera 100+ mamaira epakati mumaminetsi gumi. Zvisineyi, kugara uchichaja nekukurumidza kunoita kuti kuderedzwa zvichienzaniswa nekunonoka kuchaja, zvichiita kuti zvive nyore-kupikisana nehupenyu hurefu hwekutengesa.

BMS inoita basa rakakosha panguva yekuchaja nekutarisa mavhiri ega ega mumaseru-akawanda. Sezvo misiyano yekugadzira inoreva kuti maseru haambozvibata zvakafanana, iyo BMS inova nechokwadi chekuti masero ese anotengesa zvakaenzana kuburikidza nemaitiro anonzi cell balancing. Izvi zvinodzivirira chero sero rimwe chete kuti risachajiswe kana kupfuudza-kudzingwa, izvo zvinoderedza huwandu hwepakiti uye zvinogona kugadzira nyaya dzekuchengetedza.

Nepo rechargeable lithium mabhatiri kazhinji akachengetedzeka kana akagadzirwa nemazvo uye akashandiswa, simba rawo repamusoro zvinoreva kuti kukundikana kunogona kushamisa.

Thermal runaway inomiririra yekutanga kuchengetedza kunetseka. Kana tembiricha yemukati ikakwira kupfuura 80-90 madhigirii nekuda kwemaseketi mapfupi emukati, kukanganisa kugadzira, kana kukuvara kwekunze, kuzvisimbisa{5}kunogona kutanga. Kupisa kunokonzera kuora kwe electrolyte, kuunza kupisa kwakawanda uye gasi, zvinogona kutungamira kumoto kana kuputika. Mabhatiri emazuva ano anosanganisira maitiro akawanda ekuchengetedza-mavharidzi ekudzimisa, mafizi anopisa, nekudzivirira kweBMS kwakaomarara-kudzivirira chiitiko ichi.

Kukuvadza kwemuviri kune lithium mabhatiri kunogadzira njodzi dzakakomba. Kupinza sero kunogona kukonzera mukati mepfupi wedunhu nekukurumidza kupisa kunotiza. Kupwanya kana kupeta masero ehomwe kunokuvadza muparadzi, zvichigonesa kubvumidza yakananga electrode kubata. Usambofa washandisa mabhatiri akuvadzwa zvinooneka, uye arasire zvakanaka panzvimbo dzakatarwa dzekuzoshandiswa patsva.

Kuchaja nekupfuura-kuchajisa mabhatiri ekukuvadza nekugadzira njodzi. Kuchaja pamusoro pe4.2V (kana 4.35V kune mamwe machemistries matsva) kunogona kumisa electrode zvinhu uye kukonzera lithium plating pane anode, kugadzira dendrites anogona kubaya chinoparadzanisa. Kuburitsa pazasi ingangoita 2.5V pasero kunogona kunyungudutsa mhangura kubva kune vaunganidzi vemazuva ano, kudzikisa zvachose kugona uye kugadzira mukati menguva pfupi njodzi dzedunhu.

Chengetedza mabhatiri munzvimbo dzinotonhorera, dzakaoma kure nezvinhu zvinobvira moto. Usambofa wakaaisa kune tembiricha inodarika 60℃(140℃F), uye dzivirira kusiya mabhatiri mumotokari dzinopisa munguva yezhizha. Nezvekufambisa, mitemo inoisa lithium-mabhatiri eion sezvinhu zvine njodzi zvinoda kurongedzerwa kwakakosha uye kunyora mazita ekutakura mhepo pamusoro pemamwe maburi.

Kwete, unoda charger yakanyatsogadzirirwa lithium-ion chemistry. Aya majaja anodzora voltage chaizvo kusvika 4.2V pasero uye chinja kubva pamazuva ese kuenda kunogara voltage kuchaja otomatiki. Kushandisa mabhatiri emutobvu{{4}asidhi kana nickel{5}kunokanganisa mabhatiri e-lithium uye kunogona kukonzera njodzi.

Lithium-mabhatiri emhando yepamusoro anowanzo unza 1000-5000 full charge cycles zvichienderana nekemistry uye mashandisirwo. Mumashoko ekarenda, tarisira makore 3-10 ehupenyu hwebasa. LiFePO4 kemisitiri inopa hupenyu hurefu hwakareba pa 3000-5000 cycles, nepo standard lithium cobalt oxide inowanzopa 500-1000 cycles pamberi pekurasikirwa kukuru kwesimba.

Ese mabhatiri eLithium anochembera nekarenda nekuda kweasingadiwe kemikari maitiro anoitika kunyangwe pakuzorora. Kuchengeta mabhatiri patembiricha yakakwira kana kuchaja yakazara kunomhanyisa kushatisa uku. Kuti uwane mhedzisiro yakanaka panguva yekuchengetedza, bhadharisa ku40-50% uye chengeta munzvimbo inotonhorera. Bhatiri rakachengetwa zvakanaka rinogona kuchengetedza huwandu hwe95% mushure megore.

Musiyano uyu unovhiringa vanhu vazhinji.Chii chinonzi lithium bhatirikazhinji zvinoreva maseru ekutanga ({0}}asingachajikezve) anoshandisa simbi lithium. Lithium-mabhatiri eion anogona kuchajwa zvakare uye haana metallic lithium{3}inongori lithium muchimiro cheionic chinochengetwa mukati mezvinhu zve electrode. Mhando mbiri idzi hadzichinjike nekuda kwekusiyana kwevoltages uye chemistry yemukati.

Lithium Rechargeable

Rechargeable lithium bhatiri tekinoroji inoenderera mberi nekukurumidza. Tsvagiridzo ye-state electrolytes yakasimba inovimbisa kuwanda kwesimba repamusoro uye kuchengetedzeka kuri nani nekubvisa maelectrolyte emvura anobvira. Silicon anodes inogona kuwedzera huwandu ne30-40% pamusoro pechinyakare graphite. Lithium-sarufa chemistry inogona kupedzisira yaunza simba rinopfuura 500 Wh/kg, ingangoita kaviri tekinoroji iripo.

Aya mabhatiri akachinja zvakanyanya machengetero atinoita nekushandisa simba remagetsi. Kubva muhomwe-mafoni akakura kusvika pagrid-kuiswa pachiyero, tekinoroji yelithium inochajwa inogonesa nharembozha dzechizvino-zvino uye dzinobatikazve-mararamiro ane simba. Iko kusanganiswa kwetekinoroji yehuwandu hwesimba repamusoro, mutengo unonzwisisika, uye kutsvagisa zvakare kwaita kuti ive iyo inotonga yekuchengetera simba mhinduro mumashandisirwo asingaverengeki. Sezvo zvikero zvekugadzira zvichiramba zvichiwedzera uye machemistries matsva achibuda, mabhatiri e-lithium anogona kugonesa midziyo yedu nemotokari kwemakumi emakore ari kuuya.