Chii chinonzi Dendrite Formation?

Dendrite formation inotsanangura kukura kwemuti-secrystalline structures inokura panguva ye electrochemical process mumabhatiri nemamwe masisitimu. Idzi tsono-dzakaumbwa kana kuti branching metal deposits dzinoumbwa apo maion anoungana zvisina kuenzana panzvimbo ye electrode panguva yekuchaja nekuburitsa.

Chiitiko ichi chinoitika kune akasiyana bhatiri chemistries asi chinoisa zvakanyanya kuomarara mukatilithium mabhatiri, uko madendrites anogona kubaya kuburikidza nevanoparadzanisa uye kukonzera mukati mapfupi maseketi. Kunzwisisa kuti sei uye sei zvimiro izvi zvinokura zvave zvakakosha sezvo masisitimu ekuchengetedza simba anosundira kune yakakwira masimba uye nekukurumidza kuchaja mitengo.

Dendrites inoumba kuburikidza ne electrodeposition process inotongwa nezvose thermodynamic uye kinetic zvinhu. Kana bhatiri rachaja, maion esimbi anofamba nemu electrolyte akananga kunode. Mumamiriro ezvinhu akanaka, ma ions aya aizoisa zvakafanana pamhepo ye electrode. Nekudaro, zvinhu zvakawanda zvinokanganisa iyi yunifomu deposition.

Zvisizvo zvepasi zvinogadzira nzvimbo dzemagetsi dzenzvimbo. Iyi minda yakasimudzirwa inokwezva maion akawanda kune chaiwo makwapa pane kuaparadzira zvakaenzana. Kamwe kamwe kabumburuko kakangoita, kanobva kwaita-kuzvisimudzira-pamuromo wechivakwa chinokura chinosangana nemagetsi akasimba kupfuura nzvimbo dzakati sandarara, zvichikurumidza kuwedzera kukura munzira iyoyo.

Iyo nzira inowedzera pane yakakwirira densities ikozvino. Tsvakiridzo yakaitwa kuUniversity yeMaryland ichishandisa transparent optical cells yakaratidza kuti pazvino mazino ari pamusoro pe87 mA/cm², dendrite morphology inochinja kubva pakuva mossy yakati sandara kuenda kune yakapinza tsono{2}}sekuumbwa. Nguva yekuenda kudunhu pfupi yemukati yakadzikira zvakaenzanirana nekuwedzera density yazvino, ichidonha kubva pamaawa akati wandei pa10 mA/cm² kusvika angangoita maminetsi makumi matatu pa110 mA/cm².

Tembiricha inoita basa rehuviri mukuumbwa kwe dendrite. Kudzikira tembiricha kunonoka ion diffusion, ichigadzira concentration gradients padyo ne electrode surface. Izvi zvinoita kuti zvive nyore kuti maion kuisa panzvimbo iripo pane kutsvaga nzvimbo itsva dze nucleation. Ukuwo, iyo yakasimba electrolyte interphase (SEI) layer inoumbwa pakudziya kwakaderera inoita kunge yakaoma uye isina kugadzikana, zvichikonzera kusaenzana kwemaitiro ekuisa.

Dendrite Formation

Lithium mabhatiri anotarisana neakasarudzika dendrite matambudziko nekuda kweiyo lithium yakakwirira reactivity uye yakaderera electrochemical kugona. Kana lithium ions plate ichipinda pane anode panguva yekuchaja, inofanirwa kupindirana muchimiro chegraphite. Pane kudaro, maion akawandisa asingakwanise kunyudzwa nekukurumidza anounganidza pamusoro sesimbi lithium.

Iyo SEI layer inokanganisa maitiro aya. Iyi firimu inodzivirira inoumba zvakasununguka apo electrolyte inopindirana ne lithium anode. Yunifomu, dense SEI inotungamira kunyange lithium deposition. Zvakadaro, SEI inoramba ichityoka nekuchinja panguva yekuchaja-kubuda kwechaji nekuda kwekushanduka kwevhoriyamu mumagetsi. Imwe neimwe yekutyoka poindi inova ingangoita dendrite nucleation saiti.

Tsvagiridzo yakaburitswa muNature Materials muna 2024 yakaratidza nzira mbiri dzakasiyana dzekugadzirwa kwedendrite mumabhatiri akasimba-elithium achishandisa Li₇La₃Zr₂O₁₂ (LLZO) electrolytes. Nzira yekutanga inosanganisira isiri-uniform lithium plating pa electrode-electrolyte interfaces. Yechipiri inoitika kuburikidza nekuderedzwa kweLi⁺ pamiganhu yezviyo mukati meiyo yakasimba electrolyte pachayo. Pakati pezvikamu zviviri izvi, vatsvakurudzi vakacherechedza nguva yekupindira apo kukura kwedendrite kwakamira kusati kwatangazve.

Maitiro ekutangisa anosiyana nekuparadzira. Zvidzidzo kubva kuUniversity yeOxford zvakaratidza kuti kutangwa kwedendrite mumabhatiri akasimba-kunotanga kana lithium yaisa mumaburi epasi kuburikidza nekubatanidza microcracks. Sezvo aya pores achizadza, kuenderera mberi kuchaja kunovaka kudzvanywa nekuda kwekunonoka lithium extrusion kudzokera kumusoro. Kudzvinyirira uku kunopedzisira kwakonzera kutsemuka. Kana pakakoromoka, kupararira kunoitika nekuvhurwa kwewedge{{5}nelithium ichityaira mutswe kubva kumashure kwete kubva kumuromo.

Ikozvino density threshold inosiyana nemhando ye electrolyte. Maelectrolyte emvura akajairwa anowanzo ratidza kuumbwa kwe dendrite pamusoro pe 0.2-2.0 mA/cm², nepo maelectrolyte akasimba achikwanisa kumirisana nepamusoro-soro ikozvino isati yakundikana. Tsvagiridzo paUniversity yeOxford yakawana kuti densifying argyrodite (Li₆PS₅Cl) solid electrolyte kubva pa83% kusvika 99% hama density yakawedzera kuomarara kwazvino kubva pazasi 2 mA/cm² kusvika 9 mA/cm² pasina dendrite kugadzirwa.

MaDendrites anokanganisa mabhatiri kuburikidza neakawanda kutadza modes. Iyo yakanyanya njodzi inoitika kana dendrite inokura zvachose kuburikidza nemuparadzi, ichigadzira bhiriji rinofambisa pakati peanode uye cathode. Mukati mekati mupfupi uyu unogadzira kudziyisa kwenzvimbo, izvo zvinogona kukonzera kuti moto upere-iwe pachako-kuchimbidza kuita kunokonzeresa moto kana kuputika.

Asati asvika kukundikana kwenjodzi, dendrites inoderedza kushanda zvakanyanya. Imwe neimwe dendrite inofumura nyowani reactive lithium pamusoro kune electrolyte. Izvi zvinofambisa kuenderera mberi kweSEI kuumbwa, ichidya zvese zvinoshanda lithium uye electrolyte. Pakutenderera kwakatevedzana, iyi parasitic reaction inoderedza huwandu huripo uye inowedzera kuramba kwemukati.

MaDendrites anogadzirawo "dead lithium"-electricically isolated metallic deposits izvo zvisingachaiti mukuita kwe electrochemical reaction. Kana ma dendrites abvaruka nekuda kwekushushikana kwemagetsi kana corrosion ye electrolyte, anosiya zvidimbu zvisingaite izvi. Lithium yakafa inomiririra kurasikirwa kwesimba zvachose, sezvo isingagone kudzoserwa kuburikidza neyakajairwa bhasikoro.

Kuchinja kwevhoriyamu kwakabatana ne lithium plating uye kubvisa kunowedzera matambudziko aya. Lithium simbi inopinda zvakanyanya 100% vhoriyamu shanduko pakati peiyo simbi uye ionic nyika. Uku kuwedzera uye kuputika kunosimbisa iyo SEI layer uye inogona kukuvadza mumuviri kuparadzanisa, kugadzira mamwe nzira dzekupinda kwe dendrite.

Capacity fade rates mumasero asina kudzivirirwa elithium metal anogona kusvika 1-2% per cycle kana dendrites achiita. Izvi zvinosiyana zvakanyanya ne-maseru elithium-ion akagadzirwa zvakanaka anoshandisa graphite anodes, ayo anowanzorasikirwa ne 0.1% yehuwandu pakufamba kana kushoma.

Yazvino density inobuda sechinhu chikuru chinodzora dendrite kuumbwa kwemazinga. Mhepo dzekuchaja dzepamusoro dzinomanikidza maion akawanda kuisa munguva shoma, zvichikurira kugona kwe electrode kuagashira zvakafanana. Hukama uhwu hauna mutsara-panoratidzika kunge paine chikumbaridzo chakakosha pazasi icho kukura kwedendrite kunoramba kuri kushoma, asi pamusoro peiyo inomhanyisa zvakanyanya.

Electrolyte kuumbwa kunokanganisa zvakanyanya dendrite susceptibility. Munyu wemunyu unokanganisa ion kutakura mazinga uye kufanana kwemunda wemagetsi pedyo ne electrode. Kudzika kwemunyu kwakaderera kunogadzira nzvimbo dzekuderera uko ion inopa isingakwanise kuzadzisa kudiwa kwekuisa, kukurudzira kukura kwedendritic. Kukwirira kwakanyanya kunogona kuvandudza kufanana asi kunogona kuderedza ionic conductivity kana kuwedzera viscosity.

Electrolyte additives inopa imwe nzira yekudzvinyirira. Fluoroethylene carbonate (FEC), semuenzaniso, inoderedza parithium kuti iite LiF-rich SEI layers. Aya maturu anoratidza yakakwira mechanic simba uye yakaderera emagetsi conductivity zvichienzaniswa neyakajairwa SEI zvikamu, zvichibatsira kuchengetedza mayunifomu ekuisa maitiro.

Kuremara kwepamusoro uye kushata kunotanga akawanda dendrites. Kunyangwe nanoscale irregularities inoisa minda yemagetsi zvakakwana kuti ikonzere kusarudzika. Magadzirirwo ekugadzira anoburitsa akatsetseka emagetsi epamusoro anoenderana anoderedza dendrite nucleation nzvimbo. Saizvozvo, tsvina kana zvimedu zvakamisikidzwa munzvimbo ye electrode inogona kushanda senge heterogeneous nucleation points.

Temperature gradients mukati mesero inogadzira nzvimbo dzakasiyana siyana dzekuita kinetics. Nzvimbo dzinopisa dzinosangana nekukasira kutakurwa kweion uye kuiswa, zvichigona kugadzira nzvimbo dzemuno dendrite-dzisingatarisike kunyange kana huwandu hwazvino hukaramba huri pakati nepakati. Battery manejimendi masisitimu ayo anovimbisa kugovera tembiricha yakafanana anobatsira kudzikisira izvi.

Mamiriro ekuchajisa kana bhatiri richizorora zvinokanganisa kukura kwedendrite. Kubata masero pamagetsi akakwirira kwenguva yakareba kunosimudzira kuumbwa kwe dendrite, kunyanya mu lithium iron phosphate (LiFePO₄) masero. Izvi zvinotsanangura kuti sei nzira dzekuchaja dzekuyangarara dzakashanduka dzichienda kune yakaderera voltage setpoints zvichienzaniswa nemaitiro kubva makore gumi apfuura.

Kuonekwa kwechinyakare kwedendrite kunobva pa-kuongorora kufa kwekufa{1}kuvhura maseru akatadza uye kuongorora maelectrode pameso nescanning electron microscopy. Kunyange ichidzidzisa, nzira iyi haigone kudzivirira kutadza kana kuteedzera dendrite shanduko munguva chaiyo.

Nzira dzepamusoro dzemaitiro zvino dzinogonesa operando kutarisa. Vatsvagiri pamasangano akawanda vakagadzira nzira vachishandisa transparent electrolytes kana specialized cell dhizaini. Yunivhesiti yeMaryland yakagadzira masero emaziso apo ese maelectrodes ane lithium simbi, achibvumira kuona kwakananga kwekukura kwedendrite kuburikidza nehwindo rakajeka panguva yekuchaja.

X-ray computed tomography (XCT) inopa matatu-dimensional imaging yezvimiro zvedendrite mukati memasero asina kusimba. Synchrotron X-ray zvivakwa zvinopa kugadzirisa kwakakwana kuronda maumbirwo edendrite padikidiki panguva yekushanda kwebhatiri chaiko. Basa richangoburwa rakaburitswa muNature rakashandisa operando XCT kuona kuti lithium inopinda sei ceramic electrolytes, ichiburitsa kuumbwa kwemutswe uye lithium inoparadzira kutevedzana.

Electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS) inopa nzira isina kunanga asi isiri-inoparadza. Sezvo dendrites inokura, inoshandura nzvimbo inoshanda yepamusoro uye kushorwa kwe electrode. Idzi shanduko dzinoratidza sekuchinja kweiyo impedance spectrum. Vatsvaguri vakagadziridza madhijitari ekudonha maseru maitiro kuti ape mepu yehukasha hwekushanduka kuburikidza nezviyero zveEIS, zvichipa yambiro yekutanga yekuumbwa kwedendrite pasina kuvhura sero.

Nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) spectroscopy uye imaging inopa kemikari chaiyo. Tracer-exchange NMR inokwanisa kusiyanisa pakati pelithium plating panzvimbo dzepakati maringe nekuderedza kuwanda kwe electrolyte. Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) inoteedzera dendrite spatial kugovera uye mazinga ekukura, zvichibatsira vaongorori kuti vanzwisise kuti nzvimbo dzakasiyana dzesero dzinokura sei dendrites panguva dzakasiyana.

Fiber optic sensors inomiririra nzira iri kubuda. Tilted fiber Bragg grating (TFBG) masensa akaiswa padyo nemagetsi emagetsi anoona shanduko yekutakura kwevanhu vakawanda uye kukura kwedendrite pananoscale interfaces pasina kukanganisa kushanda kwebhatiri. Iwo ultrasensitive optical resonances anogonesa chaiyo-nguva yekutarisisa yelithium deposition kinetics uye dendrite evolution.

Dendrite Formation

Nzira dzakawanda dzinonangidzira kudzvinyirirwa kwe dendrite, kazhinji kushanda pamwe chete kana zvasanganiswa. Hapana nzira imwe chete isati yabvisa dendrites zvachose pasi pemamiriro ose ekushanda, asi mazano akawanda anosimudza zvakanyanya kukosha kwemazuva ano.

Solid electrolytes pakutanga aiita seanovimbisa sezvipingamupinyi zvemuviri kurwisa dendrites. Nekudaro, tsvakiridzo yakaratidza kuti dendrites zvakare inopinda muzvinhu zvakasimba, ichikura kuburikidza nemiganhu yezviyo kana kutsemuka. Kubatsira kwema electrolyte akasimba hakusi mukudzivirira kwakakwana asi mukuda kwepamusoro mechanical stress isati yapinda dendrite. Kunatsiridza density ye electrolyte yakasimba uye chimiro chezviyo chinogona kuwedzera kuramba kwayo kupinda.

Zvitatu-madimensional electrode architecture anoshandura kugovera kwehuwandu hwenzvimbo. Panzvimbo pekuisa panzvimbo yakati sandara, lithium inozadza iyo porous chimiro cheiyo 3D host material. Izvi zvinowedzera nzvimbo inoshanda kubva pa5.2 × 10⁻³ m²/g yelithium foil kusvika pamusoro pe2.6 m²/g yekabhoni yehuni scaffolds. Nzvimbo yakawedzera inoderedza huwandu hwemazuva ano zvakaenzana, ichiichengeta pasi pechikumbaridzo che dendrite nucleation. Kuwedzera zvinhu zvelithiophilic zvakaita setin kune zvimiro izvi zvinogadzira nzvimbo dzakasarudzika dzinosimudzira mayunifomu, asiri{9}}dendritic deposition.

Artificial SEI layers inoiswa pamberi pekutanga kuchovha bhasikoro inogona kutanga-kubvisa kugadzirwa kwe-uniform natural SEI. Zvishandiso zvakasiyana-siyana zvakaratidza vimbiso, kusanganisira LiF-mabhachi akapfuma, mapolymer layers, uye composite organic-inorganic films. Iyo yakakodzera yekugadzira SEI inosanganisa yakakwira ionic conductivity, yakaderera yemagetsi conductivity, uye mechanical simba rakakwana kudzvanya dendrite kupinda uku uchichinjika panguva yekuchinja kwevhoriyamu.

Electrolyte engineering inogadzirisa dendrite kuumbwa kubva kudivi remhinduro. High-concentration electrolytes (dzimwe nguva inodaidzwa kuti "solvent-mu-munyu" systems) inoderedza kuwanikwa kwemamorekuru anonyungudutsa, kushandura kunyunguduka kwakatenderedza lithium ions. Ichi chigadziriso chinogona kukurudzira zvakanyanya yunifomu deposition. Ionic liquid electrolytes inopa isingabatike-padivi pezvimiro zvakasiyana-siyana zvinogona kudzvanyirira madendrites, kunyange zvazvo kuona kwawo kwakanyanya kuchiunza matambudziko.

Pulsed kuchaja maprotocol nguva pfupi yadarika yakabuda sekupindira kunoshanda kunoshamisa. Panzvimbo pekushandisa zvinogara zviripo, ma pulsed protocol anochinjana pakati penguva yekuchaja nenguva yekuzorora. Munguva yekuzorora, maconcentration gradients anozorora uye dendrite matipi anogona kunyange kunyungudika zvishoma kumashure mumhinduro. Tsvagiridzo yakaratidza kuti MHz-frequency pulsed currents yakawedzera huwandu hwakakosha huripo nechikamu chezvitanhatu-kubva painoda kusvika 1 mA/cm² kusvika 6.5 mA/cm²-mumabhatiri akasimba-.

Kudzvanya application kunopa imwe mechanic maitiro. Kushandisa compressive force parallel kune electrode plane constrains dendrite growth direction. Vatsvakurudzi veMIT vakaratidza kuti vaigona kushandura dendrite kukura nekushandisa uye kusunungura kumanikidza, zvichiita kuti dendrites iite zigzag mukuwirirana negwara resimba. Nepo dzvinyiriro isingabvisi dendrite kuumbwa, inovadzivirira kubva kuyambuka pakati pemagetsi.

Shanduko kuenda kumabhatiri-akasimba zvakakonzerwa netarisiro yekugadzirisa dambudziko redendrite. Tarisiro dzekutanga dzaifungidzirwa kuti dzakaomarara ceramic electrolytes dzaizovharisa dendrite kupinda. Chokwadi chakanyanya kuoma.

Solid electrolytes inotadza kuburikidza nekutyoka kwemuchina pane kubvumira dendrites kungosundira nepakati. Maitiro acho anotangira pakakanganisika-pores, miganhu yezviyo, kana kukanganiswa kwepamusoro. Lithium inoisa mune izvi kukanganisa, uye sezvo lithium yakawanda inounganidza, kushushikana kwemagetsi kunovaka kudzamara ceramic yatsemuka. Kana crack yangotanga, lithium inopararira nepairi kuburikidza nehweji-inovhura nzira yakaonekwa nevaongorori veOxford.

Zvinhu zvakasiyana-siyana zvakasimba zve electrolyte zvinoratidza kuramba dendrite-induced fracture. Garnet-mhando maelectrolyte akaita seLLZO anoratidza vimbiso nekuda kwekukwira kwawo ionic conductivity, asi magadzirirwo awo emagetsi anobatsira pakuumbwa kwedendrite. Iyo yemagetsi conductivity inobvumira maerekitironi kuti asvike dendrite matipi, achitsigira inoenderera mberi lithium deposition. Kuderedza iyi yemagetsi conductivity, kunyangwe uchichengetedza yakakwira ionic conductivity, inobatsira kudzvanya dendrites.

Sulfide{{0}based solid electrolytes seLi₆PS₅Cl (argyrodite) inoratidza maitiro akasiyana. Iwo akapfava semuchina kupfuura oxide ceramics, anogona kubvumira dendrites kukura kuburikidza nepurasitiki deformation pane kutyoka. Zvisineyi, densification inonatsiridza kushanda zvakanaka{{3}kuwedzera argyrodite density kusvika 99% kunoita kuti dendrite{5}ishande mahara panguva ino inokodzera-kuchaja mota dzemagetsi.

Interface engineering pakati pelithium simbi anode uye yakasimba electrolytes inogadzirisa imwe yekutadza maitiro. Kusaonana zvakanaka kunogadzira zvisungo zvazvino uko kuwanda kwenzvimbo inodarika avhareji yepasi rose nemirairo yehukuru. Aya maconstriction points anova nzvimbo dzekutangisa dendrite. Kuisa interlayers-mafirimu matete epolymer, metal alloys, kana composite materials{{4}kunogona kunatsa kuonana uye kugovera azvino zvakanyanya zvakafanana.

The critical current density (CCD) yekugadzirwa kwedendrite mumabhatiri-akasimba anofanira kudarika 5 mA/cm² pakushandisa motokari dzemagetsi. Mazhinji maelectrolyte akasimba anotadza kusvika pachinangwa ichi pasi pemamiriro akajairwa, nekudaro tsvakiridzo yakadzama mumazano akasanganiswa uchishandisa densification, kudzvanywa, pulsed kuchaja, uye chimiro chekugadzirisa.

Nepo mabhatiri e lithium achitonga dendrite research, mamwe masisitimu anotarisana nematambudziko akafanana. Zinc simbi mabhatiri anoona zinc dendrite kuumbwa, kunyangwe aine maitiro akasiyana. MaZinc dendrites anowanzoita kunge moss-sezvakaita kana kuti ndebvu zvimiro kwete tsono dzakapinza, zvinoratidza zinc's akasiyana electrochemical properties.

Mune aqueous zinc mabhatiri, dendrite kuumbwa kunoenderana zvakanyanya ne electrolyte pH uye zincate concentration. High zincate concentrations pamusoro pe 0.4 M mu 7 M KOH electrolytes inoderedza kukura kwedendrite, asi kutenderera kwe electrolytes kunoda kuwedzera hydrogen evolution. Iyo yakasimba electrolyte interphase pazingi ine zvinhu zvakasiyana siyana pane lithiamu{{4}zvikurukuru zinc oxide uye zinc hydroxide{5}ine machaniko nemaayoni ekufambisa akasiyana.

Sodium simbi anode inoratidza dendrite maitiro akafanana ne lithium, asi dendrites kazhinji inokura zvishoma nezvishoma nekuda kwekuderera kwesodium reactivity. Magnesium simbi, yakambofungidzirwa kuti inoshingirira kuumbwa kwe dendrite, ichangobva kuratidzwa kuita dendrites pasi pemamwe mamiriro, kunyanya pazvino densities pamusoro pe 0.2-0.3 mA/cm² zvichienderana ne electrolyte.

Kunyangwe masilicon anodes mumabhatiri e lithium-ekare anogona kuwana lithium dendrite kugadzirwa. Panguva yekuchaja, silicon inowedzera neinosvika mazana matatu muzana, ichipwanya SEI layer. Kuburikidza nekutsemuka uku, lithium ion inogona kuderedzwa kuita simbi lithium dendrites pane kusanganiswa nesilicon sezvaidiwa. Iyi meshini inomiririra yakasanganiswa yekutadza modhi inosanganisa vhoriyamu kuwedzera ne electrochemical deposition.

Kujairika kweaya masisitimu anoratidza misimboti yepasirese inotonga kuumbwa kwedendrite. Ikozvino density, surface heterogeneity, uye zvimiro zvezvikamu zvakatarisana zvinobuda sezvinhu zvinodzora zvisinei nekemikari yesimbi chaiyo. Mazano ekudzivirira akagadzirwa kune imwe sisitimu anowanzo kutamisa, nekuchinja, kune vamwe.

Kufambira mberi kwakawanda kwazvino kwakagadzirisazve kunzwisisa kwekuumbwa kwe dendrite. Kuzivikanwa kwekutanga uye nzira dzekuparadzira mune akasimba-mabhatiri ehurumende anomiririra shanduko yeparadigm. Mamodheru ekutanga aifungidzira nzira imwe inoenderera, asi kuziva izvi sezvikamu zvakasiyana kunogonesa kupindira kwakanangwa padanho rega rega.

Basa reamorphous versus crystalline dendrite chimiro chakawana kutariswa. Zvichangoburwa NMR zvidzidzo zvakaratidza kuti dendrites pakutanga anoumba seamorphous zvimiro izvo zvinozopenya. Iyo yakaremara chemistry yeakasimba electrolytes uye bhatiri mashandiro mamiriro anoona kuenzana pakati pemaitiro maviri aya. Kuwana uku kunovhura mikana yekugadzira mamiriro anofarira anodzoreredzwa amorphous zvimiro pane anogara ekristaro dendrites.

Michina yekudzidza modhi ikozvino inofanotaura dendrite kukura mapatani nekuwedzera kwechokwadi. Nekubatanidza maparameter akawanda{{1}zvinoita density, tembiricha, electrolyte concentration, surface morphology-mu convolutional neural networks, vatsvakurudzi vanowana fungidziro iri nani pane yechinyakare fizikisi{3}}mamodheru chete. Zvishandiso izvi zvinomhanyisa kuzivikanwa kweakanyanya kushanda windows uye musanganiswa wezvinhu.

Mapuroteni mamorekuru akabuda seasingatarisirwi asi anoshanda dendrite kudzvinyirira agent. Mamwe mapuroteni, kana awedzerwa ku electrolytes, anongoerekana adsorb pane lithium metal surfaces, kunyanya pamazano edendrite. Kuburikidza nekuchinja kwe conformational kubva ku -helix kusvika ku -mapepa ezvimiro, mapuroteni aya anoshandura kugovera kwemagetsi emunharaunda, achikurudzira kuiswa kweyunifomu. Iyi bio-yakafemerwa nzira yakawana hupenyu hwakareba uye nepamusoro coulombic kunyatsoshanda muongororo dzemurabhoritari.

Iyo thermodynamic chimiro chekunzwisisa dendrite kuumbwa kwakura. Vatsvaguri vava kuziva kuti zvese tembiricha uye thermodynamic simba zvipingamupinyi zvinotamba mabasa akakosha pakuona kuti lithium inoisa zvakafanana here kana kuita dendrites. Iyi nzwisiso inotungamira marongero ekugadzirisa aya ma parameter kuburikidza nekugadzirwa kwezvinhu uye mamiriro ekushanda.

Dendrite Formation

Zvisinei nekufambira mberi, kutengesa dendrite{0}}mabhatiri asingabatike kunoramba kwakaoma. Mugero uripo pakati pekuratidzira kwemurabhoritari uye kugadzirwa kwakawanda unosanganisira maitiro ekuyera uku uchichengetedza kutonga kwemhando. Kamwe kakanganisika mune yakasimba electrolyte kana electrode pamusoro inogona nucleate dendrites, zvichiita kuti kugadzira chaiko kuve kwakakosha.

Kufunga kwemitengo kunokanganisa nzira dzipi dzinosvika pakugadzirwa. Dzimwe dzenzira dzinonyanya kushanda dzekudzvanya madendrite{1}}sekunyatsoita{2}}engineered 3D electrode structures kana high-purity solid solid electrolytes-ino wedzera mari yekugadzira. Kuenzanisa kuvandudzwa kwekuita maererano nehupfumi hunoda kuenderera mberi optimization.

Kugadzikana-kwenguva refu kunoda kuvandudzwa. Nzira dzakawanda dzekudzivirira dzinobudirira kudzvinyirira dendrites kwemazana emagetsi, asi mabhatiri emotokari yemagetsi anofanirwa kutsungirira zviuru zvemadhidhiyo pamusoro pemakore gumi ekushandiswa. Diki dendrite kukura mazinga anoita seasina basa pamusoro pe500 cycles anogona kunetsa pamusoro pe3,000 cycles. Kunzwisisa nekudzivirira-nzira dzekudzikisira kwenguva refu kunoda maprotocol ekuyera akawedzerwa.

Kuchaja nekukurumidza kunoramba kuchinetsa. Zvishandiso zvemotokari zvinowedzera kunanga maminetsi gumi nemashanu kana kunyange maminetsi mashanu ekuchaja nguva, izvo zvinoda huwandu hwazvino hwe10-20 mA/cm² kana kupfuura. Mashoma ezvino maitiro ekudzivirira dendrite anochengetedza kubudirira pamitengo iyi yakanyanyisa. Kuwana zvese nekukurumidza kuchaja uye hupenyu hurefu hwekutenderera panguva imwe chete inomiririra chinangwa chekutsvagisa.

Kubatanidza nezvimwe zvinodikanwa zvebhatiri zvinokanganisa dhizaini. Mazano ekudzvanyirira madendrites anogona kuderedza kuwanda kwesimba, kuwedzera kusagadzikana, kana kukanganisa kudzika-tembiricha kushanda. Magadzirirwo ebhatiri anofanira kukwenenzverwa pane zvakawanda zvinogaro{3}}zvinopokana, zvichiita kudzivirira dendrite chidimbu chimwe chepuzzle yakaoma.

Kumisikidzwa kwekuyedza uye kushuma kwaizosimudzira kufambira mberi. Mapoka akasiyana ekutsvagisa anoshandisa tsananguro dzakasiyana dzekuumbwa kwedendrite, maseru masisitimu akasiyana, uye nzira dzakasiyana dzekubudirira. Kugadzira maprotocol akajairika kunogonesa kuenzaniswa kwakananga kwemhedzisiro uye nekukurumidza kuzivikanwa kweanovimbisa nzira.

Dendrite formation timescales inosiyana zvakanyanya nemamiriro ekushanda. Pakuderera kwazvino kutenderedza 0.5 mA/cm², yekutanga dendrite nucleation inogona kutora mazana emaawa. Pakukwirira kwazvino kunodarika 10 mA/cm², madendrites anogona kuumba uye kukonzera mapfupi maseketi mukati memaminitsi. Tembiricha, kuumbwa kwe electrolyte, uye electrode surface condition zvese zvinopesvedzera idzi timescales. Mabhatiri mazhinji evatengi anoshanda mumamiriro ezvinhu apo kuumbwa kwe dendrite, kana ikaitika, inokura zvishoma nezvishoma pamusoro pemakumi kana mazana emadhizaini ekuchaja kwete mukutenderera kumwe chete.

Kudzokera shure kunokwanisika pasi pemamwe mamiriro. Munguva yekubuda kana nguva yekuzorora, matipi e dendrite anogona kunyungudika achidzokera mu electrolyte, kunyanya kana asati abatana ne electrode kuburikidza nemaitiro ekuitisa. Izvi -kuzvirapa zvinotsanangura kuti sei pulsed charging protocols ichishanda-nguva yekuzorora inobvumira incipient dendrites kunyungudika. Nekudaro, kana ma dendrites achinge agadzira yakakura crystalline zvimiro kana kuve akaparadzaniswa nemagetsi seyakafa lithium, kudzoreredza hakugoneke. Kudzivirira kunoramba kuchishanda kupfuura kugadzirisa.

Kwete hazvo. Mabhatiri e lithium-eion anoshandisa graphite anode haawanzoona dendrite kugadzirwa pasi pemamiriro ekushanda akajairika nekuti lithium inopindirana kuita graphite kwete plating sesimbi. Matambudziko eDendrite anonyanya kukanganisa lithium metal anode inoshandiswa mu-mabhatiri echizvarwa chinotevera. Kunyangwe nelithium metal anode, dhizaini yakanaka uye kushanda pasi peyakakosha ikozvino density threshold inogona kuchengetedza dendrite-kushanda kwemahara nekusingaperi. Kudzora kwehunhu uye kudzivirira kushungurudzwa kunonyanya kukosha kupfuura kusadzivirika.

Dendrite formation inomiririra yakaoma electrochemical uye mechanical phenomenon inodzorwa neazvino density, tembiricha, interfacial properties, uye hurema hwezvinhu. Nepo pakutanga zvaifungidzirwa kudzivirirwa kuburikidza neakasimba maelectrolyte, ma dendrites anoumba kuburikidza nekutanga akasiyana uye nzira dzekuparadzira dzinoda kupindira kwakanangwa padanho rega rega. Mazano akawanda-anosanganisira 3D electrode architecture, artificial SEI layers, electrolyte engineering, uye pulsed charging protocols-inoratidza vimbiso yekusimudza zvakakosha zvino density mathreshold. Nzira yekuenda kumabhatiri emagetsi epamusoro-inotsamira pakubatanidza nzira idzi uchichengetedza kugadzirwa uye mutengo-unoshanda. Kufambira mberi munguva pfupi yapfuura muunyanzvi hwekuisa vanhu, kuenzanisira kwekombuta, uye kunzwisisa kwemuchina zvinoramba zvichitungamirira budiriro kusvika kumasisitimu ebhatiri asingachinjiki edendrite anokwanisa kusangana nemotokari uye magidhi ekuchengetedza maapplication anodiwa.