Chii chinonzi Lithium Titanate?

Lithium titanate isanganiswa oxide compound inobatanidza lithium, titanium, uye oksijeni, inowanzowanikwa seLi₄Ti₅O₁₂ ine spinel crystal structure. Iyi ceramic material inonyanya kushanda seanode material mune specialized lithium-mabhatiri eion, anopa chengetedzo yakasarudzika uye hupenyu hwekutenderera kunyangwe kushomeka kwesimba zvichienzaniswa neakare graphite anode.

Lithium titanate iripo mune akati wandei makemikari mafomu, asi spinel musiyano Li₄Ti₅O₁₂ inotonga bhatiri application. Komboni yacho ine matatu-yakareba cubic lattice apo lithium ions inogara tetrahedral 8a nzvimbo, ukuwo titanium ions ichizadza octahedral 16d nzvimbo mukati meokisijeni framework. Urongwa uhwu hunogadzira inonzi nevaongorori "zero-strain" chimiro-lettice inosangana isingasviki 1% yekuchinja kwevhoriyamu panguva yekuchajisa nekuburitsa.

Iyo spinel chimiro inobvumira lithium ions kufamba kuburikidza nekristaro nekusvetuka pakati petetrahedral uye octahedral nzvimbo. Munguva ye lithiation, zvinhu zvinoshanduka kubva kuLi₄Ti₅O₁₂ kuenda kuLi₇Ti₅O₁₂, zvichitora matatu ekuwedzera lithium ion paformula unit. Kuiswa uku kunoitika panosvika 1.55V maringe ne lithium simbi, yakakwira zvakanyanya kudarika 0.1V yakajairika yemagraphite anodes.

Mamwe mafomu e-lithium titanate anosanganisira lithium metatitanate (Li₂TiO₃), hupfu chena ine nzvimbo yakanyunguduka inodarika 1,533 dhigirii inoshandiswa muceramics uye nyukireya maapplication, uye ramsdellite lithium titanate (Li₂Ti₃O₇), iyo yakaratidza kuvimbiswa muhunyanzvi hwekutsvaga bhatiri. Musiyano wega wega une titanium yakasiyana-ku{4}}lithium ratios uye marongero ekristaro, zvichiita kuti pave nehunhu hwakasiyana uye hwemagetsi.

Lithium Titanate

Kana ichishandiswa sebhatiri anode, lithium titanate inoshanda zvakasiyana neyakajairwa graphite. Izvo zvinhu hazvigadziri yakasimba electrolyte interface (SEI) layer panguva yekutanga kutenderera nekuti yayo inoshanda voltage ye1.55V inogara mukati meiyo electrochemical kugadzikana hwindo rema electrolyte mazhinji. Standard graphite anodes inoshanda pedyo ne0V kupesana ne lithium, zvichiita kuti electrolyte kuora iyo inoumba inodzivirira asi inodzivirira SEI layer.

Panguva yekuchaja, lithium ions inotama kubva mucathode kuburikidza ne electrolyte uye inopindirana ichipinda mu lithium titanate anode chimiro. Iyo nanocrystalline fomu yeLi₄Ti₅O₁₂ inopa zvingangoita 100 square metres yenzvimbo pagiramu imwe{{2}kapfuura ka30 iyo yegraphite. Nzvimbo yakawedzerwa iyi inoita kuti maerekitironi apinde nekubuda nekukurumidza, achitsigira mitengo yekuchaja nekukurumidza.

Maonero anodzoreka anotevera: Li₄Ti₅O₁₂ + 3Li⁺ + 3e⁻ ↔ Li₇Ti₅O₁₂. Iyo theoretical kugona inosvika 175 mAh/g, kunyangwe kuita kunoshanda kuchiwana 150-170 mAh/g. Nepo graphite ichiunza yakakwira theoretical kugona pa372 mAh/g, lithium titanate inobhadhara kuburikidza nepamusoro mwero kugona uye hupenyu hurefu.

Iyo yepamusoro redox mukana wetitanium oxide kana ichienzaniswa negraphite inogadzira mukana wekuchengetedza chengetedzo. Lithium dendrites-tsono-sesimbi inokwanisa kubaya zvinoparadzanisa mabhatiri uye kukonzera mapfupi-kashoma kuumbwa panzvimbo yelithium titanate. Iyi miganho yekuchengeteka inoratidza kuti yakakosha kune-zvishandiso zvazvino uko anode anowanzoisa njodzi yekumhanya kwemafuta.

Mabhatiri eLithium titanate anoratidza hupenyu hwema cycle hunorema mamwe ma lithium-ion chemistries. Masero eCommerce anogara achiwana 10,000 kusvika 30,000 full charge-madhizaini ekuburitsa huwandu husati hwadzikira kusvika pa80% yepakutanga. Toshiba's 2024 specifications claim 45,000 cycles at 10C rate for their high{{13}power SCiB cells. Kana tichienzanisa, mabhatiri e-lithium-ion anoshandisa zvinhu zvagara aripo anowanzoita macycle 2,000-3,000.

Kureba uku kunobva ku zero-strain structure. Graphite anodes inowedzera ingangoita 10% panguva ye lithiation, zvichikonzera kushushikana kwemagetsi izvo zvinotsemura zvimedu uye zvinodzikisira huwandu pamusoro pekudzokororwa kutenderera. Lithium titanate's idiki vhoriyamu shanduko inochengetedza kutendeseka kwechimiro kunyangwe mushure memakumi ezviuru ematenderedzwa.

Kuchaja nekukurumidza kunomiririra humwe hunhu hunotsanangura. Mabhatiri eLithium titanate anogona kuchaja kubva pa0% kusvika pa80% muripo mu6-10 maminetsi pasina kuderera zvakanyanya. Mabhazi emagetsi eChongqing a2011 airatidza kugona uku achiita{12}}37 mabhazi emamita gumi nemaviri ane 80 kWh lithium titanate masisitimu anochajwa mumaminitsi 10 achishandisa machaja 400 kW. Toshiba achangoburwa emagetsi maseru anochaja kusvika pa80% muminiti imwe chete pa48C rate.

Tembiricha kuita inosiyanisa lithium titanate kubva kune dzimwe nzira. Aya mabhatiri anoshanda akavimbika kubva -40 dhigirii kusvika 60 dhigirii pasina kurasikirwa kwemagetsi kwakajairwa nemamwe machemistries mumamiriro akanyanya. Iyo yakagadzika spinel chimiro inochengetedza ionic conductivity padanho iri, ichiita tekinoroji yakakodzera kuisirwa kweArctic, inopisa mamiriro ekunze emotokari maapplication, uye aerospace midziyo uko kutonga kwekushisa kunowedzera huremu uye kuoma.

Kuchengetedzeka kwemamiriro ekushungurudzwa kunodarika mamwe marudzi e lithium-ion. Lithium titanate maseru anopfuura chipikiri kupinda, kupwanya, uye overcharge bvunzo pasina moto kana kuputika. Iyo yemidziyo yekupisa yekumhanya chikumbaridzo inogara yakatenderedza 270 dhigirii, iri pamusoro pekushanda tembiricha uye yakakwira kupfuura mamwe mamwe machemistries. Iyi nhoroondo yekuchengeteka inotaridza kuti yakakosha pakuisa-zvikero zvakakura semagridi ekuchengetera nzvimbo apo kutadza kwesero rimwe chete kunogona kudonha.

Iyo inonyanya kukosha drawback ndeye simba density. Mabhatiri eLithium titanate anounza 30 chete-110 Wh/kg zvine gravimetric uye anosvika 177 Wh/L zvine volumetric. Mabhatiri e lithium-eion anoshandisa graphite anodes uye nickel-manganese-cobalt cathodes anowana 200-300 Wh/kg. Iyi katatu-kusvika-kagumi kukanganisa zvinoreva lithium titanate mabhatiri anotora nzvimbo yakawanda uye anoyera yakawanda kune yakaenzana kuchengetedza simba.

Iyo yakaderera simba density inoteedzera yakananga kune inoshanda voltage. Lithium titanate cells inogadzira 2.3-2.4V nominal voltage zvichienzaniswa ne3.6-3.7V yestandard lithium-ion. Kupera kwemagetsi uku-kunomiririra ingangoita 1V-kunoshandura zvakananga kukudzikiswa kwesimba rekuchengetedza pauniti imwe chete. Zvishandiso uko huremu uye vhoriyamu zvakakosha, senge zvemagetsi zvevatengi uye mota dzemagetsi dzenguva refu, kazhinji hazvigone kugamuchira kutengeserana uku.

Mutengo unopa chimwe chipingamupinyi pakugamuchirwa kwakapararira. Lithium titanate bhatiri masero anosvika $1.50 pawatt-awa, ukuwo maseru e lithium iron phosphate anoita $0.40 pawatt-awa. Mutengo weprimiyamu unobva pazvinhu zvakati wandei: zvinodikanwa zvekugadzira, kudzora humidity chaiyo panguva yekugadzira, inodhura titanium-yakatangira, uye mavhoriyamu ekugadzirwa akaderera zvichienzaniswa nemakemikari akajairika.

Iyo nzira yekugadzira inoda kungwarira kutonga. Sintering Li₄Ti₅O₁₂ inoda tembiricha ye600-850 madhigirii zvichienderana nemaitiro ekugadzira, ine nguva refu yekugadzira pane girafu rekugadzira electrode. Tsanangudzo dzeanatase kana rutile TiO₂ dzinogona kuumba kana tembiricha yekudzora ichiratidza kusakwana, inosvibisa mashandiro emagetsi. Yepamusoro-mhando nanostructured lithium titanate inoda yakaomesesa kugadzira michina uye hunyanzvi.

Mabhazi emagetsi anomiririra kushambadzira kukuru kwelithium titanate tekinoroji. Iko chemistry yekuchaja inokurumidza kuita inogonesa mukana wekuchaja panomira mabhazi, ichibvumira madiki mabhatiri mapaketi anobvisa uremu. Microvast inopa mabhatiri e-lithium titanate kuvagadziri vemabhazi emagetsi emuEurope kusanganisira Wrightbus's New Routemaster mbiri-deckers muLondon, umo mayunitsi 1,000 anoshanda ne18 kWh mabhatiri masisitimu.

Grid simba rekuchengetedza masisitimu anowedzera kuendesa lithium titanate kune frequency regulation uye ancillary services. Altairnano yakavaka 20 MW/5 MWh simba rekuchengetedza chirimwa vachishandisa lithium titanate tekinoroji. Magadzirirwo aya anokoshesa nguva yekupindura uye kutenderera hupenyu pane kuwanda kwesimba-zvimiro apo lithium titanate inokunda. Mabhatiri anogona kupindura mukati me milliseconds kune grid frequency kusiyanisa uye kutsungirira 30-40 makore emazuva ese ebhasikoro.

Railway application inoshandisa lithium titanate tembiricha kushivirira uye kuchengetedzeka. Siemens Mireo Plus B bhatiri-zvitima zvemagetsi zvakapinda mukushanda muna Kubvumbi 2024 zvichifambiswa neToshiba lithium titanate masero ane makore gumi nemashanu-anotarisirwa hupenyu hwesevhisi. British Rail Class 93 tri-mode locomotives anoshandisa mabhatiri elithium titanate kumhanya pamasegment asina magetsi. Japan's N700S Shinkansen inoshandisa tekinoroji yekukurumidzira yakaderera-kumhanya kushanda panguva yekukanganiswa kwemagetsi.

Mutengi zvemagetsi anotora lithium titanate mune dzakakosha kesi dzinoda kukurumidza kuchaja kana kuvimbika kwakanyanya. Samsung's Galaxy Note series inoshandisa mabhatiri e-lithium titanate muS-Pen stylus, ichigonesa 10-awa yekumira kubva pakuchajwa kwemasekondi makumi mana. Seiko Kinetic mawachi akatsiva capacitor ne lithium titanate mabhatiri kuvandudza simba rekuchengetedza simba uye hupenyu hwesevhisi.

Zvishandiso zvemaindasitiri kubva kumotokari dzinotungamirwa kuenda kune nharembozha dzekurapa dzinosarudza lithium titanate apo kuchengetedzeka uye kutenderera hupenyu kunopembedza mitengo yakakwira. The Tempest weather station inoshandisa 1,300 mAh lithium titanate bhatiri inochajwa nemagetsi ezuva, inoda maawa mana chete echiedza chezuva masvondo maviri ega ega. Mauto uye zvemuchadenga zvikumbiro zvinokoshesa kuita kwekemikari mukupisa kwakanyanya uye kuramba njodzi dzemoto.

Kuti unzwisise kuti lithium titanate inokodzera kupi, zvinobatsira kuzivachii chinonzi lithium mabhatirikazhinji{{0}idzi midziyo yekuchengetera simba inokwanisa kufambisa lithium ions pakati pemaelectrodes kuchengeta nekuburitsa simba remagetsi. Mukati meiyi lithium-ion bhatiri mhuri, lithium titanate inogara yakasarudzika niche inotsanangurwa neanode zvinhu zvayo. Mabhatiri mazhinji elithium anoshandisa graphite anodes akabatanidzwa nemakathode akasiyana-siyana-lithium iron phosphate (LFP), nickel-manganese-cobalt (NMC), kana lithium cobalt oxide (LCO). Lithium titanate mabhatiri anozvisiyanisa nekushandisa Li₄Ti₅O₁₂ seanode, inowanzopetwa ne lithium manganese oxide kana lithium iron phosphate cathodes.

Kana ichienzaniswa nemabhatiri eLFP, lithium titanate inopa ka5-upenyu hwenguva ka10 uye kutonhora kwakanyanya-kwemamiriro ekunze, asi inopa simba rimwe chete-pachikamu chimwe chete nechidimbu. Masero eLFP anodhura madhora $ 0.40 / Wh maringe ne $ 1.50 / Wh ye lithium titanate. Machemistri ese ari maviri anosimbisa kuchengetedzwa pamusoro pehuwandu hwesimba, zvichiita kuti dzive dzimwe nzira dzekushandisa uko njodzi yemoto inokonzeresa zvakakomba.

NMC neNCA mabhatiri anotonga magetsi emagetsi maapplication anoda huwandu hwakanyanya. Makemesitiri aya anounza 200-250 Wh/kg-simba remagetsi maviri kana katatu relithium titanate{10}}inogonesa 300-500 mamaira. Zvakadaro, vanongotenderera ka1,000-2,000 nguva uye zvinounza njodzi huru dzekutiza kwemafuta. Mota dzemagetsi dzinoisa pamberi penguva yakareba mutengo-pa-maira uye nekukurumidza kuchaja, senge ngarava dzinotakura mumaguta nemabhazi emuguta, dzinogona kugamuchira chirango chelithium titanate chekushandisa mabhenefiti.

Tichipikisana neruzivo rwuchiri kusimukira rwakaita semabhatiri-akasimba ehurumende nemaseru esodium-eion, lithium titanate inomiririra tekinoroji yakura, inopupurirwa nekutengesa. Mabhatiri akasimba-anovimbisa kuwanda kwesimba rakawanda uye kuchengetedzeka asi anoramba ari-mubudiriro yezvekutengeserana nematambudziko ekugadzira. Sodium-mabhatiri eion anopa mutengo wakaderera asi simba rakafanana kune relithium titanate nehupenyu hupfupi. Kufembera kwemusika kwa2025-2033 chirongwa chelithium titanate inochengetedza zvikamu zvemusika zvine hunyanzvi ukuwo matekinoroji matsva achigadzirisa zvikumbiro zvemusika mukuru.

Lithium Titanate

Musika wepasi rose welithium titanate bhatiri wakasvika madhora makumi manomwe neshanu -80.65 bhiriyoni muna 2024 zvichienderana nemakambani akawanda ekutsvagisa misika, aine fungidziro inotangira pamadhora mazana maviri nemakumi matatu nemakumi matatu nemasere emadhora panosvika 2033-2034. Izvi zvinomiririra huwandu hwekukura kwegore hwe10-14.4%, inofambiswa zvakanyanya nekutorwa kwemotokari yemagetsi, kuwedzera kwekuchengetedza grid, uye kudiwa kwekukurumidza-kuchaja zvivakwa.

Asia-Pacific ndiyo inonyanya kugadzirwa nekushandiswa kwemagetsi, ichitora chikamu chinosvika makumi matanhatu kubva muzana chekudiwa kwebhatiri relithium titanate muna 2024. Hurongwa hweChina hwegumi neina-Hurongwa hweGore reChina hunonangana ne50% yekukura kwesimba rekugadzira magetsi kubva muna 2020-2025, zvichikurudzira kudyara mukuchengeta grid apo lithium titanate inopfuura makore maviri inobatsira hupenyu hurefu hwehupenyu hwe20. Japan, kumusha kune Toshiba's SCiB tekinoroji, inochengetedza yakasimba lithium titanate kutorwa mukutakura njanji uye maindasitiri ekushandisa.

North America inobata ingangoita 36% musika wekugovanisa, nevagadziri vakamira vakaita seAltairnano nevatambi vari kusimukira vakaita seGrinergy vachiwedzera kugadzirwa. Dhipatimendi reUnited States reEnergy mari inosvika miriyoni mazana maviri nemakumi mashanu nemasere ekudyara mumabhatiri emhando yepamusoro anosanganisira kugadzirwa kwelithium titanate kumashandisirwo ane hunyanzvi uko lithium-ion yakare ichiratidza kuti haikwane.

Vagadziri vakakosha vanosanganisira Toshiba (SCiB brand), Altairnano (Nanosafe), Microvast (LpTO), Leclanché (TiBox), uye vagadziri veChinese vanosanganisira Yinlong Battery Technology yakawanikwa neGree Electric. Kuwedzerwa kwehuwandu hwekugadzira kunotarisa kudzikisa mitengo kuburikidza nekugadzirisa maitiro uye hupfumi hwechiyero kwete chakakosha chemakemikari shanduko.

Mafambiro ekutsvagisa anosimbisa kugadzirisa lithium titanate's primary limitations. Zvikwata zvepasi rese zvinoongorora doping ne niobium, magnesium, kana zvimwe zvinhu kuti uwedzere kuita uye kugona. Kugadziridzwa kwepasi kunosanganisira kabhoni coating uye nanostructuring chinangwa chekuvandudza chiyero mashandiro. Mazano ekuwedzeredza anoongorora kuchovha bhasikoro kupfuura Li₇Ti₅O₁₂ kutora humwe huwandu, kunyange izvi zvichikanganisa zero{3}}strain mukana.

Kugadzirwa kweLithium titanate kunowanzo kutevedza nzira dzakasimba-dzenyika kana kuti mvura-yenyika, imwe neimwe iine zvakanakira zvakasiyana. Yechinyakare yakakwira-tembiricha yakasimba-inosanganisa lithium carbonate (Li₂CO₃) netitanium dioxide (TiO₂) mune stoichiometric ratios, yobva yadzika musanganiswa wacho pa700-850 dhigirii kwemaawa 10-24. Iyi nzira inoratidza kuti iri nyore uye ine scalable asi inogadzira zvidimbu zvakakura (500nm-5μm) zvine nzvimbo yakaderera.

Sol{{0}nzira dzegel dzinopa kutonga kuri nani pane saizi yezvidimbu uye morphology. Vatsvakurudzi vanonyungutsa titanium alkoxides se tetrabutyl titanate ine lithium hydroxide muzvinonyungudutsa zveorganic, kozoita gel necalcine pa600-800℃. Iyo inokonzeresa lithium titanate inoratidzira particle size pazasi 200nm uye nzvimbo dzakakwirira dzepamusoro dzinosvika ku100 m²/g inogonesa kuchaja nekukurumidza. Zvakadaro, sol-magadzirirwo egel anoda kungwarira kudzora humidity uye kuratidza kudhura kupfuura solid-state synthesis.

Hydrothermal synthesis inogadzira lithium titanate pane tembiricha yakadzikira (120-200 madhigirii) nekuita zvinotangira mukumanikidzwa kwemvura. Iyi nzira inogadzira nanotubes uye nanowires ine yakasarudzika morphologies, asi inoda nyanzvi yepamusoro-yekudzvanya michina uye inogadzira hova dzemarara emvura inoda kurapwa.

Nzira yemunyu yakanyungudutswa inorembedza zvinosanganisirwa munzvimbo -inonyunguduka munyu yakaderera (kazhinji LiCl-musanganiswa weKCl) pa500-700 dhigirii . Iyo yemvura yepakati inofambisa nekukurumidza ion kupararira, ichigadzira yakanyanya crystalline lithium titanate ine yakanaka electrochemical zvimiro. Nepo simba-richishanda zvakanaka kana zvichienzaniswa nenzira dzechinyakare dzakasimba, nzira dzemunyu dzakanyungudutswa dzinoda kudzoreredza munyu uye masisitimu ekudzokorodza.

Kudzora kwemhando panguva yekugadzira kunoratidza kunetsa. X-ray diffraction inosimbisa kuchena kwechikamu, sekuteedzera huwandu hweanatase kana rutile TiO₂ hunokanganisa mashandiro. Kugovera saizi yechikamu kunokanganisa kugadzirwa kwe electrode uye kushanda kwebhatiri-rakakurisa uye kushambidzika kuri kunetsa, kudiki zvakanyanya uye zvidimbu zvakaungana. Hunyoro hwemukati hunofanirwa kugara pasi pe100 ppm kudzivirira kushatisa kwe electrolyte panguva yekuungana kwesero.

Mabhatiri eLithium titanate anowanzo kuwana 10,000 kusvika 30,000 akazara-makesi ekuburitsa asati asvika pa80% inokwana, aine mamwe{6}}magetsi akasiyana-siyana akaverengerwa macycle 45,000. Mabhatiri eLithium-eion anoshandisa graphite anode anogara 2,000-3,000 macycles pasi pemamiriro akafanana. Iyi 5-15x yekugara kwenguva refu inoshandura kumakore makumi maviri-makumi matatu ehupenyu hwekushanda mumashandisirwo ane zuva nezuva bhasikoro, zvichienzaniswa nemakore 5-8 ezvakajairwa lithium-ion.

Iyo simba density dhizaini inoita kuti lithium titanate isashande kune inotakurika mutengi zvemagetsi. Bhatiri rema smartphone rinoshandisa lithium titanate ringave 2-kukura zvakapetwa katatu uye kurema kudarika magadzirirwo azvino kuti ape nguva yekushanda yakaenzana. Vatengi vanokoshesa saizi yemudziyo uye uremu pamusoro pekukurumidza kuchaja uye hupenyu hurefu hunobatsira lithium titanate inopa. Mutengo wepamusoro unowedzera kuodza mwoyo kugamuchirwa mumisika yevatengi isingatengi.

Ehe, lithium titanate mabhatiri anogona kubhadharisa zvakakurumidza kupfuura ikozvino Tesla Superchargers kana akagadzirwa nemazvo. Masero achangoburwa eToshiba anochaja kusvika pa80% mu1-6 maminetsi zvichienderana nedanho remagetsi, ukuwo Tesla Supercharger ichida maminetsi gumi nemashanu kusvika makumi maviri pamachaji akafanana. Zvakadaro, izvi zvinoda hunyanzvi hwekuchaja masimba epamusoro-soro (400+ kW) isingawanikwe zvakanyanya, uye mutongo wesimba remagetsi zvinoreva kuti mota dzelithium titanate dzingave nechikamu chipfupi chehuremu hwebhatiri hwakaenzana.

Zvinhu zvitatu zvinovandudza lithium titanate kuchengeteka: Kutanga, iyo 1.55V inoshanda inogona kudzivirira lithium dendrite kuumbwa kunokonzera mukati mapfupi madiki mu graphite anodes. Chechipiri, zvinhu zvacho hazviumbe yakasimba electrolyte interface inogona kuora zvisingaite. Chechitatu, thermal runaway threshold ye 270℃inodarika tembiricha yakawanda yekushungurudzwa, uye zero-strain structure inoshingirira kukuvadzwa nezvinokanganiswa. Aya maitiro anobvumira lithium titanate masero kuti apfuure chipikiri kupinda uye kupwanya bvunzo pasina moto kana kuputika.

Lithium Titanate

Lithium titanate inogara yakatsanangurwa asi inokura niche mukuchengetedza simba. Tekinoroji iyi haitore nzvimbo yelithium-ion mumafoni emafoni kana kuti-dzimotokari refu dzinoratidza kuti simba rinoshanda sei. Pane kudaro, inogadzirisa zvikumbiro apo hupenyu hwekutenderera, chengetedzo, kuchaja nekukurumidza, kana kushivirira tembiricha kunopembedza kubvuma kushomeka kwesimba uye mitengo yakakwira.

Iyo yakajeka yekukura trajectory inoonekwa muzvifambiso zvevoruzhinji, uko kuchaja mukana kunogonesa madiki mabhatiri mapaketi anobvisa zvishoma zvirango zvehuremu, uye uko kutsiva bhatiri kunodhura kupfuura 12-15 makore ehupenyu hwemotokari vanofarira machemistries akasimba. Giridhi yekuchengetedza inomiririra imwe yakasikwa yakakodzera, kunyanya kune frequency regulation masevhisi anoda zviuru zvemazuva ese asina kudzika kutenderera kwemakumi emakore.

Zvichangoburwa mumaitiro akasanganiswa anoratidza vimbiso-kubatanidza lithium titanate anodes ine advanced high-cathodes inokwana, kana kushandisa lithium titanate mumhando-dzimotokari dzakawedzerwa apo bhatiri diki rinotenderera nguva zhinji. Sezvo zvikero zvekugadzira uye mutengo zvinodzikira, iyo chemistry inogona kuwedzera kuita mamwe misika yakasarudzika. Parizvino, lithium titanate inoratidza kuti yakakwana bhatiri chemistry inoenderana zvachose nezvinodiwa zvekushandisa pane kutsvaga imwechete "yakanakisa" tekinoroji yekushandisa kwese.