Chii chinonzi Specific Energy?

Simba chairo rinoyera huwandu hwesimba rakachengetwa pachikamu chechikamu chechinhu kana system. Inoratidzwa mujoules pakirogiramu (J/kg) kana watt-maawa pakirogiramu (Wh/kg), metric iyi inotara kuti isimba rakadii rinoshandiswa muhuremu hwakapihwa, zvichiita kuti zvive zvakakosha pakuenzanisa matekinoroji ekuchengetedza simba nekugona kunzwisisa zvinhu.

Simba chairo rinosiyana zvakanyanya kubva pakuwanda kwesimba, kunyangwe mazwi acho anowanzo kuvhiringika. Nepo simba remagetsi richiyera simba pavhoriyamu yeyuniti (Wh/L), simba chairo rinotarisa pahuremu chete. Musiyano uyu unonyanya kukosha mumashandisirwo anoita huremu hunoita sarudzo dzekugadzira{2}}kubva muzvitundumuseremusere kuenda kumagetsi anotakurika kuenda kumotokari dzemagetsi.

Fizikisi iri seri kwesimba chairo rinosanganisira hukama pakati pesimba rakachengetwa nehuremu hunodiwa kuti rive naro. Mumabhatiri, izvi zvinosanganisira simba rinobva mukuita kwemakemikari rakakamurwa nehuwandu hwehuwandu hwemagetsi, electrolyte, separators, uye casing. Pamafuta, inomiririra kupisa kunoburitswa panguva yekupisa maererano nemafuta akawanda.

Specific Energy

Lithium-mabhatiri eion anoratidza kuti sei simba chairo richikosha muruzivo rwechizvino-zvino. Lithium -maion cells aripo anowana simba rakasiyana riri pakati pe250-270 Wh/kg, zvichiita kuti nharembozha dzishande kwemaawa uye motokari dzemagetsi kufamba mazana emamaira. Kana tichienzanisa, mabhatiri echinyakare elead-asidhi anongounza 30-50 Wh/kg, achitsanangura kuti sei akatsiviwa zvakanyanya mumaapplication anotakurika kunyangwe mutengo wakaderera.

Zvichangoburwa zvitsva zvinosundira miganhu iyi mberi. Akasimba-mabhatiri ehurumende ari mukugadzirwa anovimbisa simba rinopfuura 350 Wh/kg, ukuwo michina yemetal lithium-yemakambani akaita seAmprius yakaratidza 400 Wh/kg mukushandiswa kwehunyanzvi hwendege. Magadzirirwo aya anoshandura zvakananga kuita nguva yakareba yekushandisa kana mota yakawedzerwa pasina kuwedzera huremu.

Iwo chaiwo simba rebhatiri rinoenderana nezvakati wandei zvinhu: electrode zvinhu, sero chemistry, uye dhizaini dhizaini. Nickel-rich cathodes inowedzera kuchengetedza simba asi ine matambudziko ekugadzikana. Silicon anodes inopa huwandu hwepamusoro pane yechinyakare graphite asi ruzivo rwekuwedzera vhoriyamu panguva yekuchaja. Imwe neimwe dhizaini sarudzo inomiririra tradeoff pakati pesimba chairo uye mamwe maitiro ekuita senge hupenyu hwekutenderera, chengetedzo, uye mutengo.

Fossil fuels inochengetedza masimba epamusoro zvakanyanya kupfuura mabhatiri. Gasoline ine ingangoita 12,700 Wh/kg (46 MJ/kg), ukuwo dhiziri richisvika 13,000 Wh/kg. Izvi zvinotsanangura kuti sei, zvisinei nemakumi emakore ekufambira mberi kwebhatiri, mafuta emafuta emvura anoramba akanyanya mukubhururuka nendege uye{7}}kurebesa kufambisa uko kunonyanya kukosha.

Hydrogen inopa nyaya inonakidza ine simba re33,300 Wh/kg-rinoda kupeta katatu pane repeturu. Zvakadaro, kudzikira kwayo kwakanyanya kunoda kukwirisa-kudzvanya kana kutonhora kwe cryogenic, kuwedzera sisitimu yakawanda inoderedza simba chairo rinoshanda zvakanyanya. Gasi remusikirwo zvakafanana rine simba rakawanda pachiyero cheyuniti asi inoda masystem ekuchengetera anorema.

Muzvokudya, simba rakananga rinotarisa caloric density. Mafuta anopa zvinosvika 38 kJ/g (9 Cal/g), inodarika kaviri iyo yemapuroteni nemacarbohydrates pa16-17 kJ/g (4 Cal/g imwe neimwe). Izvi zvinotsanangura kuti sei chikafu chemafuta-chakakwirira chiine macalorie akawanda pagiremu-simba remacronutrient ndiro rinonyanya kuverengera.

Zvemukati zvemvura zvinokanganisa zvakanyanya simba rekudya sezvo mvura ichiwedzera huwandu pasina kupa simba. Miriwo mitsva inogona kunge iine 0.5-1 kJ/g chete, ukuwo nzungu dzakaomeswa dzichipfuura 25 kJ/g, zvisinei kuti zvese zviri zvekudya zvezvirimwa.

Magadzirirwo emotokari yemagetsi anotenderera pane zvakati pingaidzo simba. Bhatiri re75 kWh rinoshandisa maseru ane 250 Wh/kg rinorema 300 kg, rinomiririra 15-20% yehuremu hwemotokari. Kuwedzera simba rinoenderana nebhatiri kusvika pa350 Wh/kg kunoderedza izvi kusvika pa214 kg, zvichiita kuti 86 kg isununguke pakuwanda kwevatakuri kana kuti kurebesa.

Uku kudzikisa uremu kunoputika kuburikidza nekugadzirwa kwemotokari. Mota dzakareruka dzinoda simba shoma rekumhanyisa nekukwira zvikomo, mota diki, uye masisitimu ekumisa akasimba. Indasitiri yemotokari yakanangana nekuita 400-500 Wh/kg simba remabhatiri kuita kuti mota dzemagetsi dzikwanise kukwikwidzana nedzimotokari dzepeturu, dzinongoda kutakura 50-60 kg yemafuta emhando yakafanana.

Ndege nezvitundumuseremusere zvinotarisana zvakatonyanya kuomarara zvinodikanwa zvesimba. Makirogiramu ega ega anosimudzwa kuti aende kutenderera anodhura zviuru zvemadhora mumafuta, zvichiita kuti mabhatiri emagetsi awedzere kukosha kumasetiraiti nezvitundumuseremusere. NASA's Mars rovers anoshandisa lithium-ion cells akasanangurwa kusanganiswa kwesimba chairo uye kuvimbika mukupisa kwakanyanya.

Kuvandudzwa kwemagetsi endege kunotsamira pakubudirira kwebhatiri. Tekinoroji yelithium-yezvino uno inogonesa zvidhiraivho zvidiki nedzimotokari pfupi-zvinofamba mudhorobha, asi ndege dzemudunhu dzinoda simba rinopfuura 500 Wh/kg kuti dzishande. Makambani ari kutevera ndege dzemagetsi anotarisisa kuvandudzwa kwebhatiri, sezvo kunyange diki diki kuvandudzwa kwesimba kunovhura dhizaini nyowani.

Vagadziri veSmartphone vanoenzanisa simba rakanangana nezvimwe zvinhu zvakaita sekuchaja kumhanya uye kuchengeteka. Nharembozha dzemazuva ano dzinoshandisa maseru anosvika 250-270 Wh/kg, zvichiita kuti{5}}mazuva ose ashande mumidziyo inorema 150-200 gramu. Kuwedzera simba chairo kunobvumira hupenyu hurefu hwebhatiri kana hutete, dhizaini-zvese zvinokosheswa nevatengi.

Mabhatiri eLaptop anotarisana nezvinetso zvakafanana asi ane zvakakosha zvakasiyana. Iyo yakajairwa laptop bhatiri inorema 300-400 magiramu uye inochengeta 50-100 Wh, ichishandisa maseru ane rakafanana simba kune mafoni asi akagadziridzwa kune akasiyana mareti ekubuda uye maitiro ekupisa.

Simba chairo uye simba chairo rinomiririra maitiro akasiyana. Chaiyo simba (W/kg) inoyera kuti nekukurumidza sei sisitimu inogona kuendesa simba, ukuwo simba chairo rinoyera huwandu hwesimba rainochengeta. Mabhatiri akakwenenzverwa kuti awane simba repamusoro rinowanzopa simba chairo, uye zvichipesana.

Lithium iron phosphate (LFP) mabhatiri anoratidza iyi tradeoff. Dzinopa simba rakaderera (120-160 Wh/kg) pane nickel-rimwe mashandisirwo akapfuma asi rinounza simba repamusoro uye hupenyu huri nani hwekutenderera. Maturusi emagetsi anoshandisa maseru ane simba guru kunyangwe achipa nguva shoma yekumhanya, nekuti kuendesa ikozvino yakakwana yekushanda kwemota kunotora pekutanga pane yakazara huwandu.

Iyo Ragone zano rinoratidza hukama uhwu zvine graphic, kuratidza chaiyo simba pane imwe axis uye chaiyo simba pane imwe. Akasiyana bhatiri chemistries anogara munzvimbo dzakasiyana, achiratidza kuti hapana tekinoroji imwechete inokunda pane ese. Zvishandiso zvinofanirwa kusarudza mabhatiri anoenderana nezvavanoda-simba rakakwirira kwenguva yakareba, simba guru rekumboputika kwenguva pfupi, kana kukanganisa magadzirirwo ekushandisa musanganiswa.

Simba chairo rinomiririra metric imwe chete yekuita. Bhatiri rine simba rakasiyana-siyana rinogona kutambura nehupenyu husina kunaka, kuchengetedzeka, kudhura, kana tembiricha shoma. Lithium-mabhatiri esarufa anoratidza simba repamusoro-soro redzidziso (650 Wh/kg) asi vanosangana nematambudziko nekupera kwesarufa uye hupenyu hwepasi pasi izvo zvinodzivirira kutengeswa.

Maitiro ekugadzira anokanganisa anoshanda chaiwo simba. Sero-level chaiyo simba rinopfuura peck-level value nekuda kwekuwedzera kuwanda kubva kumasekete edziviriro, masisitimu ekutonhodza, uye zvimiro. Sero rinowana 270 Wh/kg rinogona kuunza 180 chete-200 Wh/kg pamwero wepakiti-musiyano wakakosha kune vanogadzira masisitimu.

Tembiricha inokanganisa zvakanyanya kupihwa kwesimba chairo. Mamiriro ekutonhora anoderedza huwandu hwebhatiri, zvinobudirira kudzikisa chaiyo simba panguva yekubuda. Mota dzemagetsi dzinowana kudzikiswa kwemhando yechando muchikamu nekuti mabhatiri haakwanise kuunza simba rawo rakazara patembiricha yakaderera.

Specific Energy

Tsvagiridzo inotsvaga kuvandudzwa kwesimba kuburikidza nenzira dzakawanda. Zvemhando yepamusoro zvecathode zvakaita selithium-nickel-manganese-cobalt-oxide (NMC) ine nickel yakakwira inowedzera kuchengetedza simba papositive electrode. Silicon{{6}yakavakirwa anodes inochengetedza yakawanda lithium pane graphite, inosimudzira simba. Kufambira mberi kwega kwega kunosundira chaiyo simba kumusoro apo vaongorori vachishanda kukunda matambudziko anoenderana.

Solid-state electrolytes inovimbisa budiriro huru nekuita kuti lithium metal anode, iyo inopa simba rakanyanya rakakwirira kupfuura graphite. Makambani anosanganisira QuantumScape, Solid Power, uye Samsung anotevera kushambadzira, achinanga chaiwo masimba e400-500 Wh/kg. Kubudirira kwaizoshandura mota dzemagetsi uye zvemagetsi zvevatengi.

Lithium-mabhatiri emhepo anomiririra nguva yakareba-nenguva yakareba ine simba rekufungidzira rinosvika 11,140 Wh/kg-rinofananidzwa nepeturu. Nekudaro, akawanda zvipingaidzo zvehunyanzvi zvinosanganisira kugadzikana kwe electrolyte, kabhoni dioxide senitivity, uye hupenyu hushoma hwekutenderera hunovachengeta vakavharirwa kumarabhoritari. Lithium inoshanda-mabhatiri emhepo anoramba ari makore kana makumi emakore kubva.

Kunzwisisachii chinonzi lithium mabhatiriuye nei vachitonga emazuva ano ekuchengetedza simba, chaiyo simba rinopa mhinduro yakakosha. Kugadzirwa kwelithium-ion tekinoroji muma1990s kwakawedzera simba rebhatiri kubva pa120 Wh/kg mukutanga maSony cells kusvika pamusoro pe270 Wh/kg mumagadzirirwo azvino-kupfuura zvakapetwa kaviri mumakumi matatu emakore.

Mhando dzakasiyana dzemabhatiri e-lithium dzinoratidza akasiyana mazinga esimba zvichienderana nemakemikari avo. Lithium cobalt oxide (LCO) maseru anoshandiswa munharembozha anowana simba repamusoro-soro asi nehupenyu hushoma hwekutenderera uye kunetseka nezvekuchengetedza. Lithium iron phosphate (LFP) inotengeserana chaiyo simba rekuchengetedza uye hupenyu hurefu, ichiita kuti ive inofarirwa mabhazi emagetsi uye yekumira yekuchengetedza kunyangwe yakadzikira chaiyo simba.

Kusundira kwepamusoro chaiyo simba kunotyaira kutsvagisa kwezvinhu. Cathode zvinhu zvinoumba huremu hwakawanda hwesero, saka kugadzira simba rakareruka, -dense cathodes kunonatsiridza simba chairo. Kudzikisa zvisingashandiswe{{3}zviunganidzi zvazvino, zvinopatsanura, zvekurongedza{4}}zvinobatsirawo nekudzikisira huremu pasina kuderedza simba rakachengetwa.

Mota dzemazuva ano dzemagetsi dzinovimba zvakanyanya ne lithium bhatiri chaiyo simba masimba. Iyo yakajairika EV bhatiri paki inochengeta 50-100 kWh uchishandisa maseru ane 250-270 Wh/kg chaiyo simba. Izvi zvinogonesa 200-400 mamaira erenji uchichengeta huremu hwebhatiri huchigoneka. Sezvo simba chairo rinowedzera rakananga 350-400 Wh/kg, chero huremu hunowedzera zvakaenzanirana kana huremu hwebhatiri hunodzikira, zvichivandudza kugona kwemotokari.

Mutengi zvemagetsi zvakafanana zvinoenderana ne lithium bhatiri chaiyo simba. MaSmartphones, malaptop, matablet, uye zvinopfekeka zvinoshandisa lithium-ion kana lithium{2}}polymer cells kunyanya nekuti simba rawo repamusoro rinobvumira nguva yekushanda yakakwana mumidziyo yakamanikana, isingaremi. Pasina lithium tekinoroji yakananga simba mabhenefiti, yemazuva ano nhare komputa yaisazogoneka.

Simba chairo rinoyera simba pachiyero cheyuniti (Wh/kg), ukuwo simba rinoyera simba pavhoriyamu yeyuniti (Wh/L). Zvishandiso zvinonyanya kukosha-sendege kana zvikwama{2}}zvinoisa simba rekutanga pamberi. Zvishandiso zvine nzvimbo isina nzvimbo-semagetsi evatengi ari munzvimbo dzakavharwa{5}kazhinji zvinoisa kukosha kwesimba panzvimbo.

Pakati pemabhatiri ekutengesa, lithium -maion cells ane nickel-rich cathodes ari kuwana simba repamusoro-soro re250-300 Wh/kg. Experimental solid{7}}state lithium mabhatiri aratidza 400-500 Wh/kg mumamiriro emurabhoritari. Lithium-mhepo mabhatiri anosvika 11,140 Wh/kg asi anoramba ari kure nekushandisa.

Gasoline inochengetedza simba mumakemikari mabhondi anoburitswa panguva yekupisa neokisijeni yemuchadenga. Sezvo okisijeni isingaverengeki muhuremu hwepeturu, simba rayo chairo rinoonekwa rakakwirisa (12,700 Wh/kg). Mabhatiri anofanira kutakura ese mafuta uye oxidizer, achidzikamisa iwo chaiwo simba. Uyu mutsauko wakakosha unotsanangura kuti sei mabhatiri achinetsekana kuenzanisa fossil simba remagetsi.

Kwete hazvo. Simba chairo rinomiririra chikamu chimwe chete chekuita. Mabhatiri ane simba rakanyanya anogona kunge asina kutenderera hupenyu, njodzi dzekuchengetedza, kudhura kwakanyanya, kana kushomeka kwemagetsi. Bhatiri repamusoro rinoenderana nezvinodikanwa zvemashandisirwo-dzimwe nguva magadzirirwo emagetsi akaderera anoita zvirinani pane zvese nekuda kwehunhu hwepamusoro mune dzimwe nzvimbo.

Kuyera simba chairo kunoda kungwarira maitiro ekuyedza. Kune mabhatiri, mapuroteni akajairwa anosanganisira kuchaja zvizere sero, wobva wariburitsa pamareti akatarwa uchiyera simba rakaunzwa. Kugovanisa simba rose rinobuda nemasero anoburitsa simba chairo muWh/kg.

Masangano akawanda anochengetedza zviyero zvekuyera simba chairo. Iyo International Electrotechnical Commission (IEC) inoburitsa bvunzo maitiro ekuona kuenderana kune vese vanogadzira. Mhedzisiro inogona kusiyana zvichienderana nechiyero chekuburitsa, tembiricha, uye nzira yekuyedza, saka kuenzanisa chaiyo kukosha kwesimba kunoda kunzwisisa mamiriro ebvunzo.

Masero-mayero ekuyerwa anosiyana kubva papaki-nhanho dzenhanho zvakanyanya. Mabhatiri mapaketi anosanganisira manejimendi emagetsi, masisitimu ekutonhodza, uye zvimiro zvemukati zvinowedzera huwandu pasina kuchengetedza simba. Rongedza-level chaiyo simba rinowanzosvika 65-75% yemasero-level values. Vagadziri veSisitimu vanofanirwa kuzvidavirira pakuderedzwa uku kana vachiverenga kuita kweapp.

Specific Energy

Kunatsiridzwa kwesimba kunotevera nzira inofanotaurwa yakavakirwa pane zvakakosha zvinhu uye kufambira mberi kwekugadzira. Kuwedzera kunobudirira kunoenderera mberi apo vaongorori vanokwenenzvera magadzirirwo emagetsi, kuderedza kusashanda zvinhu, uye kuvandudza hunyanzvi hwekugadzira. Mafungiro azvino anoti lithium-ion chaiyo simba richasvika 350-400 Wh/kg mukati memakore gumi anotevera kuburikidza nekuvandudzwa kweshanduko.

Shanduko dzekuchinja dzinoda machemistri matsva. Mabhatiri akasimba-anokwanisa kusvetukira ku400-500 Wh/kg kana matambudziko akagadziriswa. Lithium-sarufa nelithium-mabhatiri emhepo anovimbisa simba rakakwirira asi rinosangana nezvimhingamupinyi mukukura. Mabhatiri e-sodium-ion anopa mutengo wakaderera pamutengo wesimba chairo, kunanga maapplication uko huremu hune basa shoma pane hupfumi.

Iko kukanganiswa kwesimba repamusoro rakananga rinowedzera kupfuura maapplication ari pachena. Gridhi-mwero wekuchengetedza simba unowedzera kushanda sezvo simba rinoenderana nebhatiri rinowedzera uye mutengo uchidzikira. Zvishandiso zvekurapa zvinotakurika zvinowana kushanda kwenguva refu pakati pemachaji. Maturusi emagetsi anoreruka pasina kupira nguva yekumhanya. Imwe neimwe yekuwedzera yekuvandudza mune chaiyo simba inogonesa mikana mitsva mumaindasitiri mazhinji.

Zvekufambisa zvemagetsi chaizvo, kuvandudzwa kwesimba chaiko kunofambisa kutorwa nekudzikisira huremu uye chirango chemutengo wemabhatiri maringe nemafuta efosi. Ega ega 50 Wh/kg kuwedzera kwesimba chairo rinodudzira kunosvika 15-20% yakawanda yemhando yemotokari kana yakaenzana kudzikisa huremu, ichimhanyisa shanduko kuenda kumagetsi ekufamba. Indasitiri yemotokari inoona 400 Wh/kg sechikumbaridzo chinoita kuti mota dzemagetsi dzikwikwidze pahuremu uye mutengo nemotokari dzakajairwa pazvikamu zvese zvemusika.

Kunzwisisa simba chairo uye zvarinoreva kunobatsira mainjiniya, vagadziri, uye vatengi kuita sarudzo dzine ruzivo nezve tekinoroji yekuchengetedza simba. Kungave kusarudza kemikari yebhatiri yechigadzirwa chitsva, kuongorora kudiwa kwemhando yemotokari yemagetsi, kana kunzwisisa kuti nei mamwe maapplication achiramba asingakwanise bhatiri, simba chairo rinopa mamiriro akakosha. Sezvo tsvagiridzo inosunda iyi metric yakakwirira, zvaimbove zvisingaite zvikumbiro zvinogoneka, zvichiwedzera basa rekuchengetedza simba remagetsi muhunyanzvi hwazvino.