Chii chinonzi Lithium Manganese Oxide?

Lithium Manganese Oxide (LMO) chinhu checathode chinoshandiswa mu lithium-mabhatiri eion, ane kemikari formula LiMn₂O₄. Iine matatu-dimensional spinel crystal structure inoita kuti lithium-ion ifambe zvakanaka panguva yekuchaja uye kubuda kwebhatiri.

Iyo inotsanangura hunhu hweLMO iri mune yayo spinel crystal chimiro, yakarongedzwa pasi peboka remuchadenga Fd3m. Iyi cubic lattice kurongeka inoisa maatomu eokisijeni panzvimbo dzakatarwa nepo manganese uye lithium ion inotora octahedral uye tetrahedral nzvimbo zvakateerana. Iwo matatu-dimensional framework anogadzira nzira dzakabatana dzelithium ions kuti dzifambe zvakasununguka, izvo zvinoshandura zvakananga mukushanda kwebhatiri.

Magadzirirwo ezvivakwa aya anogadzirisa dambudziko ririkunetsa maviri-madimensional cathode zvinhu. Panzvimbo yekumanikidza maion kufamba munzira shoma dzakarongwa, iyo spinel chimiro chinopa nzira dzakawanda mumatanho matatu. Mhedzisiro yacho inokurumidza kutakura ion, kuderedzwa kwemukati kuramba, uye zvirinani ikozvino kubata kugona. Zvidzidzo zvinoratidza chimiro ichi chinochengetedza kuvimbika kunyangwe panguva yekukurumidza kuchaja-madhizaini ekuburitsa, zvichiita kuti LMO inyatsokodzera zvikumbiro zvinoda kukurumidza kutumirwa magetsi.

Izvo manganese zviri muLMO zviripo munzvimbo yakasanganiswa yevalence, ine zvikamu zvakaenzana zveMn³⁺ neMn⁴⁺ ions inogara munzvimbo dzeoctahedral. Iyi yakasanganiswa oxidation state inoita basa rakakosha mukuita kwe electrochemical kunoitika panguva yekushanda kwebhatiri, zvichibvumira kudzoreredzwa kwe lithium kuiswa uye kubviswa.

Munguva yekuburitsa, lithium ions inotama kubva kune anode kuburikidza ne electrolyte kuenda kune LMO cathode, kwaanogara tetrahedral nzvimbo mukati memanganese oxide framework. Ma electrons anoyerera kuburikidza nekunze kwedunhu, achigadzira magetsi emagetsi. Pakuchaja, maitiro aya anodzosera kumashure-lithium ions inotorwa kubva mucathode yodzokera kune anode.

Iwo voltage maitiro anosiyanisa LMO kubva kune mamwe cathode chemistries. Mabhatiri eLMO anowanzo shanda pamhepo yemagetsi ingangoita 4.0V, yakakwira zvishoma pane lithium cobalt oxide (LCO) masisitimu. Magetsi epamusoro aya anobatsira kuti simba riwedzere kubuda pauniti imwe neimwe, kunyange simba rese richiramba riri pakati nepakati kana zvichienzaniswa nenickel-rich cathode materials.

Iyo intercalation mechanism muLMO inoitika kuburikidza neimwe nzira apo lithium ions inodzokororwa mukati nekubvisa kubva kuspinel structure pasina kukanganisa zvakanyanya manganese{0}}oxygen framework. Uku kugadzikana kwemaitiro panguva yekuchovha bhasikoro zvese zvakanakira uye zvipimo, izvo zvatichaongorora muchikamu chematambudziko.

Mabhatiri eLMO anokunda mumashandisirwo anoda simba rakawanda rekubuda kwenguva pfupi. Zvishandiso zvemagetsi zvinomiririra chikamu chikuru chemusika, uko vagadziri vanokoshesa kugona kweLMO kuendesa yakakura ikozvino yekuchera, yekucheka, uye yekusimbisa mabasa. Iko kukurumidza kubuda kwesimba kunofanana nekanguva, -simba guru remashandisirwo ezvishandiso.

Chikamu chemotokari chinoshandisa LMO mumotokari dzakasanganiswa uye dzemagetsi, asi kazhinji dzakasanganiswa nezvimwe zvinhu zvecathode. Nissan Leaf neChevy Volt, semuenzaniso, vakashandisa LMO-NMC (Nickel Manganese Cobalt) makathodhi akasanganiswa. Iyi nzira yakasanganiswa inokwirisa simba reLMO repamusoro rekumhanyisa uchivimba neNMC kuti irambe iripo. Data ichangoburwa inoratidza ingangoita 30% LMO zvemukati mune akasanganiswa masisitimu anopa yakakwana kuita chiyero.

Zvishandiso zvekurapa zvinobatsira kubva kuLMO's chengetedzo mbiri uye masimba masimba. Zvishandiso zvekuvhiya, zvinotakurika defibrillators, uye infusion pombi zvinosanganisira LMO mabhatiri nekuti kugadzikana kwekupisa kunoderedza njodzi yemoto munzvimbo dzakakosha. Ongororo ya2024 yekuchengetedzwa kwebhatiri rekurapa yakawana zero dzakarekodhwa zviitiko zvemoto zvine mabhatiri eLMO mumakiriniki, zvichienzaniswa nezviitiko zvepaga ega nemamwe machemistri e lithium-ion.

Mabhasikoro emagetsi uye scooters anowedzera kutora tekinoroji yeLMO, kunyanya mumisika yeAsia. Musanganiswa wemutengo-unyanzvi uye kuendesa magetsi akakwana zvinoenderana nemashandisirwo emotokari idzi-nzendo diki dzine nguva nenguva-simba rinodiwa pakukwira zvikomo kana kumhanya mhanya.

Masisitimu ekuchengetera magetsi ekubatanidzwazve anoshandisa LMO, kunyangwe iyi application yakatarisana nemakwikwi kubva kune lithium iron phosphate (LFP). Chirongwa cheSwedish solar farm muna 2025 chakaisa 50 MWh yemabhatiri esodium-manganese oxide (imwe tekinoroji), zvichitaridza kuvandudzwa kuri kuramba kuchiitika mumanganese{4}inobva mukuchengetedza simba.

Lithium Manganese Oxide

Kuwanda kwemanganese kunoita kuti LMO inakidze mune zvehupfumi. Manganese inomira sechikamu chegumi nembiri chakanyanya kuwanda muEarth crust, yakawanda kwazvo kupfuura cobalt kana nickel. Kuwanikwa uku kunodudzira kumitengo yakagadzikana uye kudzikira kwekusagadzikana kwezvekutengesa. Mashoko emusika aripo anoratidza zvinhu zveLMO zvinodhura zvingaite 20% zvishoma pane nickel-cobalt-manganese (NCM) dzimwe nzira kana uchiverengera kudhura kwezvinhu.

Mafungiro ezvakatipoteredza anofarira LMO pane cobalt -intensive chemistries. Kubviswa kweManganese, kunyangwe kusiri pasina kukanganisa kwezvakatipoteredza, kunodzivirira kushushikana kwakawanda kwetsika kwakabatana nemigodhi yecobalt mune mamwe matunhu. Izvo zvisiri zvehupfu-zvazvinoita zvinorerutsa kubata panguva yekugadzira nekudzokorodza maitiro. Mabhatiri ekudzokorodza zvivakwa anogona kugadzirisa LMO neyakagadzika simbi dzesimbi, kudzoreredza manganese kuti ishandiswezve mumabhatiri matsva kana mamwe maindasitiri maapplication.

Thermal kugadzikana inomiririra yakakosha kuchengetedza mukana. LMO cathodes inodzivirira kupisa kwemoto{{1}kudonha kwemhepo uko kupisa kwebhatiri kunowedzera nekukurumidza, zvinogona kukonzera moto kana kuputika. Kuedza zvinoenderana neUL maitiro kunoratidza kuti LMO inoratidza 58% yakadzikira yekupisa kwekupisa kana zvichienzaniswa neyakajairwa lithium-ion magadzirirwo. Iyo spinel chimiro kugadzikana kwemukati kunoreva kuti LMO inochengetedza mashandiro patembiricha yakakwira, ichishanda zvakachengeteka kusvika 60 dhigirii (140℃F) pasina kuderera kwakanyanya.

Kuchaja nekukurumidza kunobva pa-dimensional ion pathways. Mabhatiri eLMO anogona kugamuchira kuchaja pamitengo inodarika 1C (yakazara kuchaji muawa imwe) pasina kushatisa kwakanyanya kwekuita. Izvi zvinopesana nezvimwe zvinhu zvecathode zvinorasikirwa nekurasikirwa kwesimba pasi pemamiriro ekukurumidza kuchaja.

Kugona kupera panguva yekukwira bhasikoro kunopa dambudziko rakakosha reLMO. Mabhatiri eLMO anowanzo unza mazana matatu ekuchajisa mabhatiri asati adonha kusvika pa80% epakutanga-zvishoma pane 1,500-3,000 mabhatiri akawanikwa nemabhatiri eLFP. Uku kuganhurirwa kunobva mukuparara kwe manganese mu electrolyte, chiitiko chino mhanyisa pakupisa kwakakwira.

Iyo nzira yekunyungudutsa inosanganisira Mn²⁺ ions inobvisa kubva kune cathode chimiro, kunyanya pamberi pehydrofluoric acid (HF) inoumba kubva mukuora kwe electrolyte. Aya manganese maion akanyunguduka anotamira kune anode, kwaanoisa uye kuvhiringa iyo yakasimba electrolyte interphase (SEI) layer. Nekufamba kwenguva, maitiro aya anodzikisira ese maelectrode, achidzikisa huwandu hwebhatiri uye kuita.

Simba density mipimo inodzikamisa kukwikwidza kweLMO mumashandisirwo anoda huwandu hwekuchengetedza. Mabhatiri eLMO anowana 100-150 Wh/kg, zvichienzaniswa ne150-250 Wh/kg yeNMC uye 250-300 Wh/kg pamakathodhi enickel yakakwirira. Kune mota dzemagetsi dzinotungamira kureba kwekutyaira, iyi gap yesimba remagetsi inoshandura zvakananga mukuderedzwa mileage pachaji kana kuwedzera huremu hwebhatiri kuti uwane yakaenzana.

The Jahn-Teller effect inounza imwe denho yemaitiro. Kana yaburitswa pazasi ingangoita 3V, Mn³⁺ ions inosangana nekukanganiswa kwejometri inoshandura iyo cubic spinel chimiro kuita tetragonal symmetry. Iyi shanduko yechikamu inokonzeresa shanduko yevhoriyamu yeanisotropic-kristaro inokura zvakanyanya mune mamwe magwara kupfuura mamwe. Kudzokororwa bhasikoro kuburikidza neshanduko iyi kunoburitsa kushushikana kwemagetsi, zvichikonzera kupera kwesimba uye kuparara kwechimiro.

Vatsvakurudzi vakatsvaga nzira dzakasiyana-siyana dzokuderedza. Kuvhara kwepamusoro uchishandisa zvinhu zvakaita sealuminium oxide (Al₂O₃), titanium dioxide (TiO₂), kana conductive carbon layers inogona kutadzisa kuparara kwe manganese nekugadzira chinodzivirira. Ongororo ya2024 yakaratidza kuti atomic layer deposition yeAl₂O₃ coatings yakawedzera hupenyu hwekutenderera kubva pamazana mashanu kusvika ku1,200 mitsetse nekudzivirira yakananga electrolyte kusangana necathode pamusoro.

Doping mazano anosanganisira kutsiva zvidiki zvekunze zvinhu mune spinel chimiro. Kubatanidza zvinhu zvakaita sealuminium, nickel, kana chromium zvinogona kudzikamisa chimiro chekristaro uye kuderedza Jahn{1}}Teller effect. Tsvagiridzo yakaburitswa muna 2024 yakaratidza kuti kutsiva huviri nealuminium uye fluorine muLiMn₂₋ₓAlₓO₄₋yFy makomboni akavandudza kugadzikana kwepamusoro{4}}kunyanya.

Kupfuura iyo yekutanga LiMn₂O₄ spinel, akati wandei akabuda kuti agadzirise chaiwo maitiro ekuita. Lithium-rich manganese oxide (LRMO) zvinhu, zvine fomula yakajairwa Li₁₊ₓMn₂₋ₓO₄ kana makombonis eLi₂MnO₃, inopa huwandu hunodarika 250 mAh/g. Zvishandiso izvi zvakawana kutariswa mumakore achangopfuura sezvo vaongorori vanoshanda kuti vakunde matambudziko avo ega nevoltage fade uye kwekutanga kusashanda.

High-voltage spinel variants seLiNi₀.₅Mn₁.₅O₄ (LNMO) inoshanda inosvika 4.7V, zvichiita kuti simba repamusoro risvike 200 Wh/kg. Toyota yakazivisa hurongwa muna 2024 kuburitsa mota yemagetsi ichishandisa LNMO cathodes panosvika 2026, yakanangana nemakiromita mazana mana. Dambudziko neLNMO riri mukugadzikana kwe electrolyte pamagetsi akakwira, ayo anodzikisira uye kuburitsa gasi panguva yekuchovha bhasikoro. Iyo fluorinated electrolyte yakagadziriswa nevatsvaguri muna 2023 yakaderedza kuumbwa kwegasi ne90%, kugadzirisa izvi.

Composite cathode architectures anosanganisa LMO nezvimwe zvinhu kukwirisa kuita. CATL's M3P bhatiri rinobatanidza manganese-zvakapfuma zvinyorwa nephosphate{3}based chemistry, kuwana 15% mutengo wakaderera pane akajairwa mabhatiri eNMC uku uchiramba uchiita makwikwi. Mamiriro akasanganiswa aya anomiririra maitiro eindasitiri akananga kunziyo dzecathode dzakagadzirirwa maapplication chaiwo kwete imwe{{6}kemikari mhinduro.

Layered manganese oxide zvimiro, nepo zvisingawanzi kupfuura spinels, zvinopa maitiro akasiyana ekuita. Ongororo ya2024 paLi-birnessite, iri layered lithium manganese oxide ine controlled structural disorder, yakaratidza kutenderera bhasikoro pedyo neinoretical kugona nekudzvanyirira kusingade kwechikamu chekuchinja. Iyi nzira yekutsvagisa inoratidza kuti yakanyatso gadziriso yeinjiniya paatomu chiyero inogona kukunda zvechinyakare LMO zvipimo.

Kugadzirwa kweLMO yeCommerce kunowanzo shandisa solid-state synthesis, uko lithium carbonate (Li₂CO₃) kana lithium hydroxide (LiOH) inopindirana nemanganese oxide precursors pane tembiricha yakakwira (700-900 degree). Iyo calcination process inoumba iyo spinel chimiro, ine particle size uye morphology inodzorwa kuburikidza nekushisa, nguva, uye precursor kusarudzwa.

Kufambira mberi mukugadzira kune chinangwa chekudzikisa mitengo uye kugadzirisa zvinhu. Chidzidzo chemuna 2024 chakagadzira nzira yakakwana yekubatanidza kubva kune manganese ore pane kunatswa electrolytic manganese dioxide (EMD). Izvi zvakanangana-kubva-maitirwo echicherwa, kushandisa acid leaching kuchiteverwa nekuora kwemafuta uye kusimba-kuita kwemamiriro ezvinhu, kwakakwanisa kuita 96.1% manganese kuita zvakanaka uku tichigadzira LMO ine electrochemical performance inoenzaniswa neyakajairwa zvinhu.

Solution{{0}based synthesis nzira dzakaita sehydrothermal kana sol-nzira dzegel dzinopa kutonga kurinani pakukura kwechidimbu uye morphology. Aya maitiro anogona kuburitsa nanoscale LMO zvimedu zvine yakawedzera pamusoro penzvimbo, zvichigona kuvandudza chiyero chekuita. Zvakadaro, nzira dzekugadzirisa dzinowanzo dhura zvakanyanya uye kudzika zvishoma pane yakasimba-nyika synthesis yekugadzirwa kwekutengesa.

Matekinoroji ekugadzirisa pamusoro anoshandiswa panguva kana mushure mekubatanidza anogona kuwedzera kuita kweLMO. Maitiro ekupfekedza achishandisa kemikari vapor deposition, atomic layer deposition, kana nzira dzemakemikari dzakanyorova dzinoshandisa zvidziviriro zvinoderedza kuparara kwemanganese. Ukobvu hwekuvharisa, hunowanzo 5-20 nanometers, hunofanirwa kudzikamisa dziviriro kubva pakuramba kutakurwa kweion-mabhandi akakora anopa dziviriro iri nani asi kufamba kunononoka kwelithium-ion.

Musika wepasi rose weLMO cathode wakasvika madhora mazana maviri nemakumi matatu nemakumi matatu emadhora muna 2.31, paine fungidziro inoratidza kukura kusvika kumadhora mazana mana nemakumi maviri nemakumi maviri nemakumi matatu nemakumi matatu nemakumi matatu nemakumi matatu nechikamu chekukura kwegore re7.1%. Kuwedzera uku kunoratidza zvese zvakawedzerwa lithium bhatiri kudiwa kwese uye LMO's chaiyo mabhenefiti mune mamwe maapplication.

Masimba edunhu anoratidza Asia Pacific ichitonga inosvika makumi mashanu neshanu muzana muzana wemusika ($ 1.25 bhiriyoni muna 2024). China, Japan, uye South Korea inobata makuru ekugadzira mabhatiri uye anotyaira zvese kugadzirwa uye kudiwa. Kukurudzira kwehurumende kumotokari dzemagetsi uye kuchengetedzwa kwesimba remagetsi munyika idzi kunobatsira zvakananga kutorwa kweLMO. North America neEurope pamwe chete vanoverengera ingangoita 45% yemusika, nekukura kunofambiswa nemagetsi emagetsi uye mapurojekiti ekuchengetedza simba.

Makwikwi kubva kune mamwe macathode chemistries anoumba LMO nzvimbo yemusika. Lithium iron phosphate yakawana nzvimbo yakakosha, kunyanya muChina, nekuda kwehupenyu hwepamusoro hwekutenderera uye hunhu hwekuchengetedza. Mutengo wepakati pakati peLMO neLFP wakadzikira sezvo kugadzirwa kweLFP kwakakwira. Zvakadaro, LMO inochengetedza mabhenefiti musimba chairo nemagetsi, ichichengetedza niche yayo mune-mashandisirwo emagetsi epamusoro.

Kuvandudzwa kwepolicy kunopesvedzera kutorwa kweLMO. IEuropean Union's 2027 Battery Regulation inoisa zvinodikanwa zvekusimudzira uye zvinhu zvekuteedzera zvikumbiro. Mitemo iyi ingangofadze manganese{3}machemistries pane cobalt{4}}dzimwe nzira dzakadzama nekuda kwekuderera kwezvakatipoteredza uye zvehunhu. Zvimwe zvikumbiro zvinosanganisira machaji ekuwedzera pane zvemukati zvecobalt, izvo zvinogona kuita kuti LMO 20% idhure pane NMC mune mamwe misika kana ikashandiswa.

Mari yetsvagurudzo inoratidza kufarira kuenderera mberi kwemabhatiri emanganese{0}. Bazi reU.S. Dhipatimendi reMagetsi rakapa mabhiriyoni maviri emadhora ekutsvaga manganese{{5}yakavakirwa bhatiri nekuvandudzwa kubva muna 2024-2027, richitarisa kuvandudza kuwanda kwesimba uye hupenyu hwekutenderera uku uchichengeta zvakanakira mutengo. Ichi chiratidzo chekudyara chinoratidza kucherechedzwa kwehurumende kwebasa remanganese mukusiyanisa macheni ekupa mabhatiri kure nemaminerari akakosha secobalt.

Solid-nyika yekubatanidza bhatiri inomiririra mukana wehunyanzvi hweLMO. Solid electrolytes inobvisa iyo yemvura electrolyte inofambisa manganese kuparara, zvinogona kugadzirisa LMO yekutanga degradation mechanism. QuantumScape's 2024 data paLMO yakapetwa neceramic electrolytes yakawana mazana mashanu kutenderera pachiyero che1C, kunyangwe kushomeka kwemukati kunoramba kwakakwira katatu kupfuura masero emagetsi emagetsi. Toyota's solid-state prototype inoshandisa LiMn₂O₄ cathode ine Li₃PS₄ electrolyte yakaratidza 300 Wh/kg simba density, ichisvika paNMC performance level uku ichichengeta zvakanakira LMO.

Lithium Manganese Oxide

Kunzwisisa LMO kunoda mamiriro mukati meyakafara lithium bhatiri landscape. Lithium cobalt oxide (LCO) inopa yakakwira simba density (140-180 Wh/kg) asi inotambura nekusagadzikana kwemafuta uye kudhura kwakanyanya. LCO inotonga zvemagetsi zvinotakurika uko saizi inonyanya kukosha kupfuura mutengo kana hupenyu hurefu, asi zvine chekuita nekuchengetedza zvinomisa kushandiswa kwayo mumafomati makuru maapplication.

Lithium iron phosphate (LFP) inopa hupenyu hwekutenderera (2,000-5,000 cycles) uye kuchengetedzwa kwepamusoro, ichishanda nemhepo yakaderera (3.2V nominal). Simba reLFP's density (90-120 Wh/kg) inowira pasi peLMO, asi kurebesa kwayo kunoita kuti iwane mari kumaapplication ayo anogaro chinja mari inodarika mutengo wekutanga wekutenga. Musika wemotokari dzemagetsi weChina unowedzera kufarira LFP yemotokari dzakajairwa, nepo LMO-NMC musanganiswa unoramba wakajairika mumisika uchiisa pamberi pekuita.

Nickel manganese cobalt (NMC) mabhatiri anopa simba repamusoro-soro pakati pezvazvino zvekutengesa (150-250 Wh/kg), zvichiita kuti afarirwe pamotokari dzemagetsi ekufamba kwenguva. Nekudaro, NMC inodhura zvakanyanya nekuda kweiyo nickel uye cobalt zvemukati, uye kugadzikana kwekupisa kunetseka kunoda akaomesesa ekutonga bhatiri masisitimu. Kuendesa kwemagetsi eLMO kunodarika NMC mukuputika kupfupi, kuchipa muganho kune mahybrid application anoda kukurumidza kukurumidza.

Lithium titanate (LTO) mabhatiri anoshandisa anode yakagadziridzwa pane imwe cathode yakasiyana, asi kuenzanisa kunoratidza kudzidzisa. LTO inopa hupenyu hurefu hwakanyanya (10,000+ macycles) uye kuchengeteka asi pakudzikira kwesimba (50-80 Wh/kg). Iko kusanganiswa kweLTO anodes neLMO cathodes inogadzira mabhatiri akagadziridzwa kune chaiwo maapplication senge anokurumidza-kuchaja mabhazi masisitimu, achiratidza kuti chemistry pairing inogona kunanga niche zvinodiwa.

Iko kumhanya kweLMO innovation yakawedzera mumakore achangopfuura sezvo vatsvakurudzi vakagadzirisa zvipingamupinyi zvenguva refu. Chidzidzo che2024 muJournal yeAmerican Chemical Society yakatsanangura yakaturikidzana lithium manganese oxide ine inodzorwa dhizaini yemaitiro iyo yakawana inodzoreredzwa bhasikoro padhuze ne theoretical kugona. Vatsvakurudzi vakashandisa ion exchange uye vakadzora kupera mvura mumuviri kugadzira Li{3}}birnessite chimiro chinodzvanyirira manganese kutama nekuparara.

Mazano ekugadzirisa nzvimbo ari kuramba achichinja. Vatsvagiri muna 2024 vakaratidza kuti graphene encapsulation yeLMO zvimedu zvakavandudza kugona ne15% uku uchiwedzera hupenyu hwekutenderera. Iyo inochinjika graphene layer inogadzika shanduko yevhoriyamu panguva yekuchovha bhasikoro ichipa magetsi conductivity uye kudzivirira kubva mukuparara kwemanganese. Iyi nzira inomiririra yakafara maitiro kune nanoscale engineering ye cathode zvinhu.

Concentration gradient zvimiro zvakabuda senzira inovimbisa. Pane kuumbwa kwakafanana mukati mechikamu chimwe nechimwe, zvinhu izvi zvinosiyana kuumbwa kubva pakati kusvika kumusoro. Iko kushanduka zvishoma nezvishoma kunobvisa iyo interface mismatch inokonzeresa kutsemuka muzvimiro zvakapfava zvakapfava. Mapoka akati wandei ekutsvagisa akashuma kugadzikana kwakagadziridzwa pamagetsi akakwira vachishandisa nzira iyi, kunyangwe kuita kwekutengesa kunoramba kuri kushoma.

Michina yekudzidza maapplication atanga kukwiridzira LMO synthesis uye kuita. Vatsvakurudzi vakashandisa modhi dzemakomputa kufanotaura misanganiswa yedopant inosimudzira kugadzikana, kuderedza kuedza-uye-kuyedza kukanganisa kwagara kuchidiwa pakugadzira zvinhu. Ongororo yemuna 2024 yakafembera zvakabudirira aluminum-nickel co{6}}doping ratios yekushanda kwepamusoro-yetembiricha, izvo zvakazosimbiswa neongororo.

Iyo yezvakatipoteredza chimiro cheLMO inopa zvese zvakanaka uye matambudziko. Kucherwa kwemanganese kunoda simba shoma-kugadziridzwa kwakanyanya pane cobalt kana nickel, uye kuwanda kwechinhu chinoderedza kudzvanywa pamiviri ine ore. Nekudaro, migodhi yemanganese ichiri kuunza kukanganisa kwezvakatipoteredza kuburikidza nekukanganisika kwenyika, kushandiswa kwemvura, uye kusvibiswa kunogona kuitika kana kukasagadziriswa nemazvo.

Hupenyu kutenderera ongororo inoenzanisa akasiyana lithium bhatiri chemistries inoratidza LMO inoita zvakanaka mu carbon footprint nekuda kwekuderera kwekugadzirisa zvinodiwa uye kubviswa kwecobalt. Ongororo yakazara ya2023 yakaverengerwa mabhatiri eLMO anoburitsa zvinosvika gumi neshanu-20% mashoma ekubuda kwegasi regreenhouse panguva yekugadzira zvichienzaniswa neakaenzana neNMC pa-kWh.

Kudzokorodza zvivakwa zveLMO zviripo mukati meyakafara lithium bhatiri recycling masisitimu. Hydrometallurgical process inogona kudzoreredza manganese, lithium, uye zvimwe zvikamu zvine hunyanzvi hwepamusoro. Nekudaro, iyo yakaderera kukosha kweyakadzoserwa manganese kana ichienzaniswa necobalt kana nickel inoderedza kurudziro yehupfumi yekudzokorodza. Mitemo yemitemo yekudzokorodza bhatiri, senge iri kuitwa muEurope, ingangovandudza LMO mareti ekudzokorodza zvisinei nehupfumi hwakachena.

Chechipiri-maapplication ehupenyu anopa imwe nzira yekuenderera mberi. Mabhatiri eLMO akaderedzwa kupfuura kushandiswa kwemotokari anowanzo chengetedza huwandu hwakakwana hwekuchengetera simba, uko huremu uye simba remagetsi zvine basa rakaderera pane mumotokari. Mapurogiramu akati wandei ekutyaira anodzosera mabhatiri emotokari yemagetsi akaregeresa ane LMO cathodes yekuchengetedza simba rezuva, kuwedzera hupenyu hunobatsira hwese uye kuvandudza huwandu hwemamiriro ekunze.

Chii chinoita kuti mabhatiri eLMO achengeteke kupfuura mamwe marudzi e lithium-ion?

Iyo spinel crystal chimiro cheLMO inopa inherent thermal kugadzikana inoramba kupisa kwemhepo. Manganese oxide cathodes inoramba yakatsiga pane tembiricha yepamusoro pane cobalt-yakagadzirirwa dzimwe nzira, uye kusavapo kwecobalt inoshanda zvakanyanya kunoderedza njodzi yekuora inopisa. Kuedza kunoratidza mabhatiri eLMO ane 58% yakaderera yekupisa yekupisa njodzi zvinoenderana neUL kuchengetedza zviyero.

Nei mabhatiri eLMO aine hupenyu hupfupi kupfuura mabhatiri eLFP?

Kunyungudika kweManganese mu electrolyte kunokonzeresa kupera kwesimba mumabhatiri eLMO. Mn²⁺ ions inobvisa kubva kune cathode chimiro, kunyanya patembiricha yakakwira, uye inotama ichienda kune anode kwainokanganisa kushanda kwe electrode. LFP mabhatiri anodzivirira nzira iyi nekuti iron phosphate inoumba chimiro chakasimba chisinganyungudika pasi pemamiriro akafanana.

Mabhatiri eLMO anogona kushandiswa mukupisa kwakanyanya?

Mabhatiri eLMO anobata tembiricha yakakwira zvirinani pane dzimwe nzira dzakawanda, achishanda zvakachengeteka kusvika pa60℃(140 degrees F). Kutonhora kunoita tembiricha kunoratidza kunetsa-semabhatiri ese e-lithium-eion, LMO inotadza kusimba uye inowedzera kusimba mukati iri pasi pe0 degree. Iyo voltage depression kubva kunotonhora inotonhora inobata LMO zvakafanana kune mamwe makemistri.

LMO inofananidzwa sei neLFP yemotokari dzemagetsi?

LMO inopa yakakwira voltage (4.0V vs 3.2V) uye zvirinani kuendesa simba kuti ikwidze, asi yakaderera kutenderera hupenyu uye kushoma kwesimba density. LFP inokunda mukurarama kwenguva refu uye mutengo wemotokari-yakasiyana-siyana, ukuwo LMO-NMC inosanganiswa inoshanda zvakanaka-motokari dzakananga dzinoda kutumirwa magetsi nekukurumidza. Mafambiro emusika anoratidza ese machemistries aripo kune akasiyana mota zvikamu pane imwe kutsiva imwe.

Lithium Manganese Oxide

Tsvagiridzo yenyaya ino yatorwa kubva kune akawanda anemvumo anosanganisira-akaongororwa nevezera rake muJournal of the American Chemical Society, Battery & Supercaps, uye Energy Storage Materials. Data yemusika yakabva kumafemu ekuongorora maindasitiri anosanganisira DataIntelo uye Fortune Business Insights. Matekinoroji ezvekugadzira mabheti evagadziri anosanganisira NEI Corporation, Sigma-Aldrich, uye CATL. Data yekuongorora kuchengetedza yakauya kubva kuUL zviyero uye yakaburitswa ongororo yekuchengetedzwa kubva kuNational Highway Traffic Safety Administration (NHTSA).